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Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Chlorinated toluene derivatives are not large-volume chemicals, but they are precursors for many synthetic chemicals and pharmaceuticals. For example, benzyl chloride is the precursor to benzyl esters which are used as plasticizers, flavorings, and, and perfumes. Phenylacetic acid (C6H5CH2CO2H), a precursor to pharmaceuticals, is produced from benzyl cyanide, which is generated by treatment of benzyl chloride with sodium cyanide. C6H5CH2Cl→C+NaCl
Fe3O4@SiO2-(Imine-Thiazole)-Cu(OAc)2 nanocomposite catalyzed one-pot three-component synthesis of 2-Substituted benzothiazoles using S8 as sulfur source
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Indrajit Patra, Mustafa M. Kadhim, Hamzah H. Kzar, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Huda Ahmed Jameel
To demonstrate the generality and scope of the three-component reaction, various benzyl chloride and 2-iodoaniline derivatives were tested under the above conditions. Table 2 displays the results. All benzyl chloride derivatives having groups that are electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing at different positions (ortho, meta, and para) on the benzene ring were included in this process, and these experiments led to gaining the desired products with good to high yields and selectivity. Also, different 2-iodoaniline derivatives were utilized for the reaction with benzyl chloride derivatives and S8 as a sulfur source when the conditions were standardized. As Table 2shows, the results clearly have shown the high efficiency of the catalytic system to synthesize 2-substituted benzothiazoles via a one-pot three-component reaction of 2-iodoanilines, benzyl chlorides, and S8 as sulfur source.
Inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in the printing industry
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Abdullah Alabdulhadi, Ashraf Ramadan, Peter Devey, May Boggess, Maya Guest
The second most common class were aromatics, (all three isomers of TMB and DCB, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, benzyl chloride), again in offset, binding/photocopy and administration/design. The concentrations of these aromatics were three times higher in offset than the other two locations, suggesting that offset was the source of these VOCs. The toluene concentration of 100 ppb in offset was by far the highest toluene concentration observed in this study.
Keggin-type polyoxometalate-based supramolecular complex for selective oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Wen-Jing Cui, Qing Zhao, Hao-Tian Zhu, Na Hu, Yuan-Yuan Ma, Zhan-Gang Han, Yang-Guang Li
Benzaldehyde is an important industrial intermediate and raw material which can be commonly used in the production of spices, dyes, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, perfumes and fine chemicals [19–21]. To date, traditional synthesis methods of benzaldehyde include the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride, toluene selective oxidation and oxidation of benzyl alcohol [22, 23]. But most of these traditional procedures have poor selectivity, toxic reagents, by-products and large amounts of waste. Selective oxidation of alkenes to aldehydes by using green oxidant (O2 or H2O2) is a promising approach in which POM-based catalysts display good activity and selectivity as heterogeneous catalysts [24–26]. In 2010, Tang et al. demonstrated an extended 1-D solid [Co(H2O)6]2{[Co(H2O)4]2[Co(H2O)5]2WZn[Co(H2O)]2(ZnW9O34)2}·10H2O which could achieve excellent catalytic performance toward the oxidation of styrene to benzaldehyde in 6 h with high conversion and selectivity [27]. In 2015, Simões’ group reported a series of tetrabutylammonium salts of Keggin-type polyoxometalates [XW11M(H2O)O39](n-m)- (X = P, B or Si and M = Mn, Fe or Co) and used them as catalysts to accelerate styrene oxidation. The results demonstrated that BW11Mn and SiW11Co have a 100% conversion of almost all substrates [28]. In 2019, Patel’s group synthesized a hybrid material of copper phosphotungstate and imidazole, which was introduced into the solvent-free oxidation of styrene. In this catalytic system, the conversion rate of styrene reached more than 90% at 60 °C [29]. Although these POM-based catalysts exhibit favorable performance, the selectivity of the specific products still has room for improvement [30–32]. In addition, transition metal ion-involving materials also show good catalytic performance toward the conversion of styrene to benzaldehyde. In 2011, Chen et al. employed [Fe(Por)CF3SO3] as a homogeneous catalyst to obtain the selective oxidation of terminal aryl alkenes to aldehydes in good to high yields; the coordinatively unsaturated metal ions play an important role [33]. Therefore, selecting metal ions with unsaturated coordination modes into POM-based supramolecular system may be a promising approach to design efficient heterogeneous catalysts with high product selectivity.