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Disinfection
Published in Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John, Environmental Engineering, 2022
Subhash Verma, Varinder S. Kanwar, Siby John
The use of chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant is of interest for a number of reasons: Trihalomethanes are not formed when chlorine dioxide is used.Chlorine dioxide is about 2–3 times more effective than chlorine in killing bacteria and many times more effective in killing viruses and cryptosporidium. When Giardia or crypto is the problem, treatment by chlorine dioxide followed by chlorine or chloramines is very effective.However, because of its higher cost, it is commonly used to treat unappealing taste and odour in water, and to oxidize iron and manganese in difficult-to-treat water.The difficulty with chlorine dioxide is that it must be generated on-site by reacting sodium chlorite solution with chlorine solution. Another problem is the handling of sodium chlorite, which is very combustible around organic materials. It is explosive with concentrations exceeding 10% in the air.
Validation of Chlorine Dioxide Sterilization
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Mark A. Czarneski, Paul Lorchiem
Chlorine dioxide is used in large quantities in the water treatment and pulp and paper industries and can be used safely and effectively. Although chlorine dioxide is a sterilant and chemical disinfectant, it has not revealed clear evidence of other adverse health effects.69 Chlorine dioxide is considered a mucous membrane irritant, and inhalation of excessive amounts can lead to pulmonary edema.70
Microbial Control during Hydraulic Fracking Operations
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Renato De Paula, Irwan Yunus, Conor Pierce
Unlike hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide cannot be stored in bulk solutions due to its inherent instability and explosive limit of 10% v/v in air so must be generated on-site. Generation methods for chlorine dioxide vary, but the most common are through an electrochemical system or the reaction of sodium chlorite with either hydrochloric acid or both hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids. Electrochemical generation yields a dilute solution of chlorine dioxide that is free of residual chlorine, thus carrying a lower risk of halogenated by-products like those observed during the application of hypochlorite. Generating chlorine dioxide via the two- and three-component reaction methods yields more concentrated solutions, but residual unreacted chlorite retains the risk of carcinogenic halogenated by-products.
The Mortality of Nematodes in Drinking Water in the Presence of Ozone, Chlorine Dioxide, and Chlorine
Published in Ozone: Science & Engineering, 2020
Jasna Kos, Mirjana Brmež, Marinko Markić, Laszlo Sipos
Experiments with chlorine dioxide, ClO2, were performed by diluting stock solution containing 2 g/L ClO2 that had been freshly prepared in the laboratory by oxidation of sodium chlorite (NaClO2) with hypochlorous acid (HClO), while hypochlorous acid was prepared by combining sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and hydrochloric acid (HClO) (OxyChem 2017). The concentration of ClO2 applied was determined photometrically in aliquots of samples using DPD color reagent (APHA 1998).
Chlorine dioxide: an evaluation based on a microbial decay approach during mango packing process
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Marí Contreras-Soto, José Medrano-Félix, Benigno Valdez-Torres, Cristó Chaidez, Nohelia Castro-del Campo
In order to solve this problematic, the search for disinfection alternatives has directed into considering new products. Chlorine dioxide is a powerful oxidizing agent approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the elimination of microbial pathogens on fresh produce (FDA, 2018) and unlike sodium hypochlorite, it is less affected by abiotic factors like pH, water temperature and turbidity (Dychala 1991; Han et al. 2001; Mahmoud et al. 2007, 2008; López-Cuevas et al. 2017).
Stability of emulsion liquid membrane using blended nonionic surfactant and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for methylparaben removal
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Rahulkumar Shirasangi, Himanshu P. Kohli, Mousumi Chakraborty
Parabens (p-hydroxybenzoic acid esters) are used in drugs, cosmetics, or food items as preservatives and have become common pollutants in ecological media.[1] Human exposure to parabens is an increasing public health concern since parabens have been described to be endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that act in the body like estrogen. Xue et al.[2] observed that the trophic magnification factor of methylparaben is 1.83, signifying substantial biomagnification and bioaccumulation of this compound in the marine food web. Extensive usage of parabens in detergents, cosmetics, and dyes leads to abundant existence in the soil and wastewater. Chin et al.[3] stated that methods like ozonation, chlorine dioxide treatment, photosensitized degradation, and so on, effectively remove parabens but produce disinfection by-products. For example, chlorite (ClO2−) and chlorate (Cl2O2) are disinfection by-products released during chlorine dioxide treatment, which are potentially toxic.[4] Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) is a favorable separation method for organic and inorganic wastewater treatment. ELM is a simple process with several merits, like high contact area, high selectivity and efficiency, simultaneous extraction and stripping process, less chemical and energy consumption, and low operating cost.[5] Emulsion instability is the primary concern for large-scale industrial separations, as membrane breakage reduces extraction efficiency.[5] The addition of blended surfactant and nanoparticle enhances the emulsion stability. Li et al.[6] stated that blended surfactants could improve the flexibility of the surfactant layer formed and the partitioning of surfactants into the oil–water interface. The nanoparticle layers around the droplets have rigid adsorption at oil–water interface and offer steric interference to coalescence, thereby stabilizing the droplets.[7]