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Pediatric conscious sedation
Published in William H. Bush, Karl N. Krecke, Bernard F. King, Michael A. Bettmann, Radiology Life Support (Rad-LS), 2017
Jane S. Matsumoto, John T. Wald
Chloral hydrate is an effective oral sedative for infants and young toddlers.9 It is a pure sedative, not an analgesic, and is not indicated to relieve pain in a painful procedure. It is commonly used in children up to 12–18 months of age. In children older than this, the effect of chloral hydrate is more unpredictable. The dose of chloral hydrate is 25–100 mg/kg. Infants receive a lower initial dose of 25–50 mg/kg, while older infants and toddlers are initially given 50–100 mg/kg. The maximum cumulative dose is 100 mg/kg per day up to a maximum total dose of 2 g per day. There may be adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, hyperactivity or respiratory depression in 7 per cent of children. On rare occasion, chloral hydrate has been associated with severe respiratory depression and should not be regarded as an absolutely safe drug with no adverse effects. Children receiving it fall within conscious sedation guidelines. Chloral hydrate is metabolized by the liver, and the dose should be reduced in children with underlying liver disease, as it may have a more profound and prolonged effect. Chloral hydrate is potentiated by benzodiazepines and barbiturates. If a chloral hydrate sedation fails at the maximum dose, the study should be rescheduled for another day, using a different sedative agent.
Biological Monitoring of Solvent Exposure
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Reduction reactions in the metabolism of organic compounds are much less common than oxidation reactions. This is because they go counter to the general trend of biochemical reactions in living tissue. Yet it must be realized that all enzymatic reactions in a living organism are fundamentally reversible. A well-known example of a reduction reaction is the biotransformation of chloral hydrate, the oldest hypnotic, into trichloroethanol. In the case of aromatic polynitro compounds, typically only one of the nitro groups becomes reduced.
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Reduction reactions in the metabolism of organic compounds are much less common than oxidation reactions. This is because they go counter to the general trend of biochemical reactions in living tissue. Yet it must be realized that all enzymatic reactions in a living organism are fundamentally reversible. A well-known example of a reduction reaction is the biotransformation of chloral hydrate, the oldest hypnotic, into trichloroethanol. In the case of aromatic polynitro compounds, typically only one of the nitro groups becomes reduced.
Control strategy for intraspinal microstimulation based on central pattern generator
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Xiongjie Lou, Yan Wu, Song Lu, Xiaoyan Shen
The purpose of this experiment was to obtain the angle sequence of the right hindlimb knee joint of SCI rats under the stimulation of positive and negative PA sequences. Five Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes, weighing approximately 250 g, were used as experimental subjects and numbered 1–5. Chloral hydrate (10%) was intraperitoneally injected into the rats. After anaesthesia administration and preoperative skin preparation, the skin surface of the rats was disinfected with 75% alcohol, and the epidermis was cut off. The segment lamina of the T12 − T13 vertebrae was removed to expose the spinal cord, and the T9 segment of the spinal cord was hammered at a height of 6.25 mm using a 10 g hammer with a diameter of 2.5 mm. The ankle, knee, and hip joints of the rats' right hindlimbs were marked.
Metformin loaded injectable silk fibroin microsphere for the treatment of spinal cord injury
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Qi Han, Tiantian Zheng, Linhui Zhang, Ningling Wu, Jiaqi Liang, Hong Wu, Guicai Li
Sprague Dawley (SD) pregnant rats with Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) grade 16 days gestation were provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Nantong University. L929 mouse fibroblast cell line was purchased from Shanghai ATCC cell bank. Ethyl acetate was produced by American Anaqua Chemicals Supply Enke Chemical. Soluble freeze-dried silk fibroin was purchased from Jiangsu Suzhou Simeite Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Metformin, penicillin-streptomycin (PS), dopamine (DA) hydrochlonde, cytarabine, poly-lysine (PLL) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were all provided by Sigma-Aldrich, United States. Trypsin, fetal bovine serum (FBS) and Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high glucose basal medium were purchased from Gibco, USA. Chloral hydrate was produced by Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH7) was purchased from HyClone. Paraformaldehyde (PA) came from China National Pharmaceutical Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Immunofluorescence blocking solution, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) kit, Actin-Tracker Green-488 were purchased from Shanghai Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd.
Enhanced efficacy of transforming growth factor-β1 loaded an injectable cross-linked thiolated chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Zefeng Zhang, Shufeng Lin, Yipeng Yan, Xiaoxuan You, Hui Ye
The Animal Care and Use Committee at Fujian Medical University, PR China endorsed all animal surgical conditions, and the procedures followed all applicable laws and ethical standards. In this study, healthy male SD rats weighing around 300 g and aged around 3 months were used. The animals were anesthetized with 1 percent pentobarbital sodium intraperitoneal before surgery. Chloral hydrate (0.3–0.35 mL/100 g) was used to anesthetize all of the animals by intraperitoneal injection. TGF-β1-loaded TCS/CMC hydrogels solution was filled into a syringe with a 25-gauge microfine needle, and the injectability of solutions was determined by passing the solution through the needle at 25 °C. By cutting open the skin, subcutaneous tissues, deep fascia, and articular capsule on the inside of both knee joints, the articular surface was exposed. Drilling a hole on the articular surface of the weight-bearing region produced full-thickness defects of articular cartilage (depth of 1.5 mm and diameter of 2 mm) through the subchondral bone plate. TGF-β1-loaded TCS/CMC hydrogels and TCS/CMC hydrogels were injected smoothly into defects. Sutures were used to close the knee cavity and repair the patella.