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Halogen-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
Antimony oxide itself usually renders no flame inhibition properties to polymers, but it is known as a synergist for halogen compounds. Antimony oxide is not volatile, but antimony oxyhalide (SbOX) and antimony trihalide (SbX3) formed in the condensed phase, by reaction with the halogenated flame retardant, are volatile. They facilitate the transfer of halogen and antimony into the gas phase where they function. Antimony oxide flame retardants are therefore usually used indirectly in the form of antimony trichloride (SbCI3) or antimony tribromide (SbBr3). These forms are very effective retardants at typical flame temperatures.
Properties of plastics
Published in William Bolton, R.A. Higgins, Materials for Engineers and Technicians, 2020
Some organic chlorides have a similar action in releasing hydrogen chloride which similarly neutralises the -OH groups. Their effectiveness can often be improved by the addition of antimony oxide. This reacts with the organic chloride in the flame producing antimony trichloride, which increases flame retardation.
Water-based ink-jet ink based on nano Ni and Sb doped TiO2 prepared for printing on ceramics
Published in Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies, 2021
F. Talavar, A. Soleimani-Gorgani, M. Ghahari, R. Jafari
Antimony trichloride [SbCl3] (1.92 mMol, 0.44 g) was added drop-wise in chloric acid (10 ml) at 70°C through stirring at 200rpm. Then, nickel (II) chloride [NiCl2] with different Ni/Sb molar ratios (1.50, 1.75, and 2.00) was added into the prepared solution to determine the optimum Ni/Sb molar ratio to synthesis optimal nano-pigment. Subsequently, titanium (IV) chloride [TiCl4] (27.30 mMol, 5.18 g) was added drop-wise to the prepared mixture to obtain a semi-transparent mixture. The mixture stirred for 15 minutes, and then the ammonia was slowly titrated at room temperature until pH became alkaline (up to pH = 8) to precipitate antimony hydroxide, nickel hydroxide, and titanium hydroxide. After 3 hours, the resulting precipitation products were separated through a centrifugal separator and then washed more than three times with the de-ionized water and industrial ethanol to remove the impurities. Then, the collected powder dried at 80°C for 24 hours. Finally, the resulting powders were calcinated at various temperatures (750°C and 900°C) at the rate of 10°C/min for 2 hours to obtain the best temperature for the calcination process. Table 1 shows different Ni/Sb molar ratios and the calcination temperatures applied to prepare various nano-TiO2-Sb-Ni pigments.
Biomedical applications of polyurethane materials and coatings
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2018
J. Joseph, R. M. Patel, A. Wenham, J. R. Smith
PUs can be synthesised in the presence or the absence of a catalyst, although the former is more common. Catalysts play a key role in controlling the reaction kinetics, reducing curing temperatures and durations and are very often responsible for the preferred polymerisation reaction taking place.24 Catalysts used for synthesising PUs have included bismuth, butyl tin trichloride, titanium tetrachloride, ferric chloride, antimony trichloride, cadmium nitrate, cobalt benzoate, aluminiumoleate, diphenyl mercury, zinc naphthenate, zirconium naphthenate and molybdenum.25 Obviously, a number of these are toxic and have now been withdrawn under legislation placed on industry, such as that of RoHS26 and REACH27 regulations. Tin catalysts are often now used for manufacturing prepolymers and amines (strong bases, e.g. diaminobicyclooctane) for the reaction of polyols and isocyanates.19
Investigation of physico-mechanical properties of flexible poly (vinyl chloride) filled with antimony trioxide using ionizing radiation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Mona Y. Elnaggar, E. S. Fathy, Medhat M. Hassan
Antimony trichloride is molecular and higher volatile (SbCl3 bp = 220°C) and thus is retained in the polymer matrix at 200°C and would be lost from the polymer at 300°C and 400°C. Certainly, at 300°C SbCl3 will remove HCl from the dehydrochlorinated PVC and this will in turn cause further decomposition of the polymer [24,25]. In a general view, all of the compositions give higher residual weight than initial sample (12.5%). This outcome is steady with the mechanism; SbCl3 formed suppressed the formation of smoke and catalyzed the char formation which is plainly evident in the values when compared with FPVC control.