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Plastic Additives
Published in Kathleen Hess-Kosa, Building Materials, 2017
Of all the inorganic flame retardants, only the antimony oxides (as Sb) and molybdenum compounds (as soluble Mo) are regulated. Antimony trioxide is an irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Although occupational exposures exposure levels to Sb and Mo are highly unlikely in indoor air quality, antimony trioxide is a suspect carcinogen. Subsequently, according to the MSDS from Fisher Scientific, some U.S. state governments require warning labels on all products containing antimony trioxide.
Sb, 51]
Published in Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke, Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments, 2015
Alina Kabata-Pendias, Barbara Szteke
There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of Sb trioxide and trisulfide in humans, but these compounds have been seen to cause lung tumours in rats. The greatest concern, with regard to the carcinogenicity of Sb, relates to the inhalation route. Antimony trioxide is classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B) and Sb trisulfide (Group 3), as reported by the IARC (1989).
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Antimony is a metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements. The most widely used antimony compound is antimony trioxide, used as a flame retardant. It is also found in batteries, pigments, and ceramics/glass.
A review of the technologies for antimony recovery from refractory ores and metallurgical residues
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Hongbin Ling, Annelies Malfliet, Bart Blanpain, Muxing Guo
Antimony and its compounds have versatile end-uses. Antimony metal is mainly used to cast alloys since it can increase the hardness and oxidation resistance. The most common antimony alloys are lead-antimony and tin-antimony alloys. These alloys are widely applied in lead-acid (LA) battery grids, ammunition, corrosion-resistant pumps and pipes, tank linings, roofing sheets, solder, cable sheaths, and anti-friction bearings (Anderson 2012). Besides, high purity antimony has been increasingly demanded in manufacturing transistors in the electronic industry. Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is the most versatile commercial Sb product and is mainly used in plastics as a flame retardant synergist (Alassali et al. 2019; Klein et al. 2009). Other applications of Sb2O3 are as a stabilizer and catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics (Biros et al. 2002), a fining agent for the removal of microscopic bubbles in glasses, and as a pigment (Filella et al. 2020). Sodium antimonate (NaSbO3) and sodium pyro-antimonate (NaSb(OH)6) are significant clarifiers for optical glass and CRT (cathode ray tube) glass. There are minor applications of Sb, such as for matchboxes (Sb2S3), rubber (Sb2S5 as vulcanizing agents), and medical use (antimony potassium tartrate, [K2Sb2(C4H2O6)2] for treating schistosomiasis).
Evaluation of three different glassy composites (quinary matrix designed using Cr2O3/Na2O/MnO2) in respect of radiation shielding behaviors
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Ozan Toker, Bayram Bilmez, Melis Ö. Toker, H. Birtan Kavanoz, Özgür Akçalı, Mehmet Yılmaz, Orhan İçelli
Sb2O3 and B2O3 components were fixed in the quinary glassy composites. Antimony trioxide was used as an additive according to Dheyaa and friends (19). In the mentioned study it is suggested that the addition of antimony trioxide 10% by weight to epoxy makes the composite flame retardant. Experimental results show that antimony borate can be used as a shield against gamma irradiation (20,21). Also, they have low melting and transition temperatures and are reported to increase water durability (22).
Research on preparation of nano-Sb2O3@Br-VERs core-shell composite particles
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2022
Jianlin Xu, Tao Wang, Shibo Ren, Chenghu Kang, Lei Niu, Jiliang Fan, Chengsi Li
Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a kind of flame retardant synergistic that is widely used in industry. Its synergistic effect with halogen flame retardant can further improve the flame retardant performance and reduce the amount of flame retardant (Zhao and Tian 2014). In order to improve the mechanical properties of flame retardant polymers, nano-Sb2O3 is usually modified by physical or chemical methods to have better dispersion and interfacial compatibility. The traditional preparation method of halogen flame retardant polymer materials is to disperse nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardant into polymer matrix by melt blending (He et al. 2013; Niu 2019). The halogen flame retardant and nano-Sb2O3 can volatilize at high temperature and form gas-phase halogenated-antimony compounds when the flame-retardant polymer materials prepared in the traditional method burn. Then the halogenated-antimony compounds can capture the high-energy free radicals produced by the thermal decomposition of polymers, thus blocking the chain reaction of polymer combustion and achieving the purpose of inhibiting the combustion of polymer materials. However, halogenated-antimony compounds are formed by the mutual capture of nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardants in the gas phase. Due to the randomness of the capture, nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardant can’t react fully, resulting in the decrease of the effective utilization rate of flame retardant. Meanwhile, the uneven distribution of nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardants in the polymer matrix will lead to the decrease of flame retardancy of polymer composites. In order to solve the problem, it is a possible method that nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardant can be pretreated to make them contact closely and form an organic whole, which will play a positive role in improving the flame retardant performance and compatibility of flame retardant. Nano-assembly technology is a very effective method to prepare multifunctional nanoparticles. For example, a nanoassemblies was constructed by using amphiphilic amino acid and hemin. The nanoassemblies shows significant catalytic efficiency, which is comparable to that of natural components (Geng et al. 2021). As another example, self-assembled sandwich-like composite catalyst Cu2O/TiO2/Ti3C2 is highly efficient and sustainable catalysts for wastewater treatment (Yin et al. 2021) . Similarly, if a layer of halogen flame retardant can coat on the surface of nano-Sb2O3 and form core-shell composite particles, which can not only improve the interfacial compatibility between nano-Sb2O3 and polymer matrix by changing the surface state of nano-Sb2O3, but also improve the synergistic flame retardant effect of nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardant. Therefore, the study of the preparation and properties of the core-shell composite particles of nano-Sb2O3 and halogen flame retardant will be a significant exploration to improve the flame retardancy of Sb2O3 nanoparticles.