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Environmental Aspects
Published in Neha Gupta, Gopal Nath Tiwari, Photovoltaic Thermal Passive House System, 2022
The emission of CO2 is considered to have the most significant impact on the environment. Activities like combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in a 35% increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the beginning of the age of industrialization leading to imbalance in the carbon cycle. Burning of fossil fuels releases approximately 5.5 billion tonnes of carbon per annum in the atmosphere while deforestation accounts for approximately 1.6 billion tonnes of annual carbon release. The figures turn out to be about 7.1 billion tonnes of carbon per annum from human activities. About 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon remains in the atmosphere, thus atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase. About 2 billion tonnes of carbon diffuses into the world’s oceans, leaving 1.9 billion tonnes of carbon unaccounted for [1].
Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The atmosphere and ocean are in a ‘dynamic state’ and partially in a ‘static state’. So the carbon elements associated with them are in a ‘dynamic or static state’. Carbonate minerals and fossil fuels are examples of ‘static or storage carbon’. Organic carbon (plant, animal) is an example of ‘dynamic carbon’. Static and dynamic carbons are interrelated through the carbon cycle. The decomposition and weathering of carbonate minerals release carbon dioxide gas. The inorganic carbon dioxide is consumed in the photosynthesis process, producing organic carbon in the form of carbohydrate, and takes part in the development of the plant and animal kingdoms. A small part of organic carbon is assimilated in sedimentary rock and converted to fossil fuel. A large part of the dead plant and animal residue is incorporated in sedimentary rock and over geological time transforms into carbonate mineral. The carbon cycle is the exchange of carbon compounds among the atmosphere, biosphere (life on earth), hydrosphere (ocean) and lithosphere (terrestrial carbon).
Alternate Feedstocks
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Energy crop fuel contains almost no sulfur and has significantly less nitrogen than fossil fuels, therefore reductions in pollutants causing acid rain (SO2) and smog (NOx) may be realized. For example, the use of energy crops will greatly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Burning fossil fuels removes carbon that is stored underground and transfers it to the atmosphere. Burning energy crops, on the other hand, releases carbon dioxide but as their growth requires carbon dioxide there is no net release of carbon into the atmosphere, i.e., it creates a closed carbon cycle. Furthermore, where energy crops are gasified there is a net reduction of carbon dioxide. In addition, substantial quantities of carbon can be captured in the soil through energy crop root structures, creating a net carbon sink.
Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the extraction of bio oil from Chlorella vulgaris and the subsequent biodiesel production
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Vishnu Priya M., Ramesh K., Sivakumar P., Balasubramanian R., Anirbid Sircar
Biodiesel or Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) is produced by transesterification of oil and fats from plants and animals. Currently, it is commercially produced from seeds of sunflower, soybean, jatropha, rapeseed, palm, canola, cotton, Pongamia, etc. (Felizardo et al., 2006; Baysal et al., 2014) but the quantity of oil produced from these crops is very limited. This clearly suggests that these oil crops cannot replace conventional liquid fuels in the future. In this situation, microalgae are the only feedstock having the potential to completely replace fossil diesel. Moreover, these algae do not require land and space unlike other agricultural crops and it can produce 15 times more oil per hectare than conventional crops (Ashokkumar et al., 2014). Algae can grow in saline water, sewage and effluent that were previously deemed unusable. Moreover, they are relatively aquatic photosynthetic organisms accounting for 50% of photosynthesis. The presence of a wide range of photosynthetic pigments that harvest light energy gives a distinct characteristic color to algae. By removing excess carbon dioxide they play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Their efficient absorption and conversion of solar energy into chemical energy make them a reliable biodiesel source.
Analyzing CO2 concentration changes and their influencing factors in Indonesia by OCO-2 and other multi-sensor remote-sensing data
Published in International Journal of Digital Earth, 2018
Shuai Yin, Xiufeng Wang, Heri Santoso, Hiroshi Tani, Guosheng Zhong, Zhongyi Sun
Wildfires occurring either naturally or ignited by humans strongly affect the atmospheric composition and thermal balance on both global and regional scales by providing major sources of greenhouse gases and aerosols (Konovalov et al. 2014). The impact of fires on the carbon cycle can become especially important in the face of continuing climate change, as global warming is expected to change fire regimes and may accelerate the accumulation of carbon dioxide, methane and ozone precursors in the atmosphere, thus leading to further warming (Bond-Lamberty et al. 2007).
Energy efficiency labelling in carbon dioxide mitigation
Published in Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2022
Violeta L. Romero-Carrión, Rosalvina Campos-Pérez, Justo P. Solís-Fonseca, Juan Carlos Altamirano-Romero, Edward Flores
The carbon cycle is being altered by human activities, which add more CO2 to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas, on the other hand, the deforestation of forests and the destruction of marine ecosystems, which they are natural sinks that absorb and capture carbon dioxide reducing its concentration in the atmosphere.