China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Chemicals may occur as solids, liquids, aerosols, vapours or gases depending on their innate characteristics and their environment. Of those in use, many exert acute or chronic toxic effects, which may range from being immediate and obvious (e.g. cyanide poisoning) to insidious and/or long term such as the development of cancer (e.g. chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic). A competent understanding of chemistry is required when responding to chemical incidents to ensure correct information is gathered and appropriate actions are taken. For example, the physiochemical properties and health effects of phosgene and phosphine are different; however, due to their similar chemical names they can be easily mixed up in transcriptions leading to erroneous assessments. When dealing with chemicals it is important that chemical classification numbers such as Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers or UN numbers are used to ensure the correct chemical information is being recorded.
Contamination
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Urban Watersheds, 2020
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that generally volatilize or evaporate readily under normal atmospheric pressure and temperatures (USGS 2006; USEPA 2019b). Table 7.1 is a list of common VOCs and includes those sought out and analyzed when conducting a subsurface environmental investigation (USGS 2006; USEPA 2019b). Included in Table 7.1 is the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number for each chemical compound. The CAS registry identifies each compound with a unique numerical identifier and includes over 143 million substances (American Chemical Society 2019). In general, VOCs have a high vapor pressure (evaporate quickly), low-to-medium solubility, and low molecular weight (USGS 2006). Most VOCs are considered toxic or harmful to humans and other organisms (USEPA 2019c). In addition, many VOCs are flammable and must be handled with extreme care.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
Chemicals may occur as solids, liquids, aerosols, vapours or gases depending on their innate characteristics and their chemical state. Of those in use, many exert acute or chronic toxic effects, which may range from being immediate and obvious (e.g. cyanide poisoning) to insidious and/or long term such as the development of cancer (e.g. chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic). A competent understanding of chemistry is required when responding to chemical incidents to ensure correct information is gathered and appropriate actions are taken. For example, the physiochemical properties and health effects of phosgene and phosphine are different; however, due to their similar chemical names they can be easily mixed up in transcriptions leading to erroneous assessments. When dealing with chemicals it is important that chemical classification numbers such as Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers or UN numbers are used to ensure the correct chemical information is being recorded.
Integration of X-ray absorption fine structure databases for data-driven materials science
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials: Methods, 2023
Masashi Ishii, Kosuke Tanabe, Asahiko Matsuda, Hironori Ofuchi, Takahiro Matsumoto, Toyonari Yaji, Yasuhiro Inada, Hiroaki Nitani, Masao Kimura, Kiyotaka Asakura
There are currently 713 entities registered as XAFS-related material names, and the number of synonyms is about 6000. Within MatVoc, many materials are assigned Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers to manage the vocabulary in a favor of linkage with large external databases. The mapping to external URIs and the resulting validation of data linkage are discussed in Section 5.4. The details of the concept of data and vocabulary management in the project are not limited to the MDR XAFS DB but are general in nature and will be presented at another time.