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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; 2-butanone) is mostly used as a solvent for surface coatings. It has also found applications in the removal of long-chain paraffins from lubricating oils and in the production of synthetic resins, artificial leather, glues, and aluminum foil. The compound is also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In Scandinavia, a higher incidence of damage to the central nervous system was observed among the offspring of women exposed to organic solvents containing among others methyl ethyl ketone during the first trimester of pregnancy. Altenkirch et al. [1978] report that exposure of pregnant rats to methyl ethyl ketone in a concentration of 2,352 mg/m3 (800 ppm) or 4,600 mg/m3 (1,500 ppm) has caused an increase in the number of resorptions in comparison to the non-exposed animals. Methyl ethyl ketone has also probably shown weak fetotoxic effects, but data on its reprotoxic activity is difficult to interpret, as this compound typically occurs in combination with other solvents (acetone, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, toluene, and alcohols) and it cannot be unambiguously stated that MEK is the one responsible for reprotoxic effects of the mixtures [Grunt and Czerczak 2007].
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Occupational workers are exposed to 2-butanone by breathing contaminated air in workplaces associated with the production or use of paints, glues, coatings, or cleaning agents. Prolonged exposures to 2-butanone cause symptoms of poisoning such as cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, irritation of the nose, throat, skin, and eyes and at very high levels cause drooping eyelids, uncoordinated muscle movements, loss of consciousness, and birth defects. Chronic inhalation studies in animals have reported slight neurological, liver, kidney, and respiratory effects. However, information on the chronic (long-term) effects of 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) in humans is limited.
Nanostructures for Volatile Organic Compound Detection
Published in Sunipa Roy, Chandan Kumar Sarkar, MEMS and Nanotechnology for Gas Sensors, 2017
Sunipa Roy, Chandan Kumar Sarkar
Butanone (methyl ethyl ketone) is used as a solvent in processes involving gums, resins, cellulose acetate and cellulose nitrate which are indispensible ingredients in the production of synthetic rubber, paraffin wax, lacquer, varnishes, paint remover and glues. 2-Butanone is often found in dissolved state in water or in vapour state in the air. It is also a natural product originating from trees and often found as a VOC emerging during the long-term storage of fruits and vegetables. The exhausts of cars and trucks also release 2-butanone into the air. This VOC is a by-product of several industries including meat-packing plants, sausages and other prepared meats, rice milling, edible fats and oils, malt beverages, flavouring extracts and syrups, cigarettes, grain and field beans. Due to its volatile and inflammable nature, 2-butanone can cause threat to public safety and health. Hazardous effects from exposure to 2-butanone are irritation of the nose, throat, skin and eye. Serious health hazards in animals and human beings have been reported at high butanone concentrations like 300 ppm of 2-butanone. As per Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), when inhaled, these effects may ultimately result in problems like birth defects. Kidney damage, as a hazardous outcome of butanone intoxication, has also been reported. Generally high concentrations are not expected in the usual use of 2-butanone or in the vicinity of hazardous industrial waste sites. Though, in 2005, the U.S. EPA removed butanone from the list of hazardous air pollutants, neurological, liver, kidney and respiratory effects have been reported in chronic inhalation studies of methyl ethyl ketone in animals and humans.
Identification of effective control technologies for additive manufacturing
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2022
Johan du Plessis, Sonette du Preez, Aleksandr B. Stefaniak
Väisänen et al. (2022) measured particles, VOCs, and carbonyls emitted from an MJ printer. The printer had a built-in LEV duct, and samples were collected from the lab room air and from the printer exhaust ventilation duct (operating at 7 ACH) when using different resins. Most noteworthy was the distinction made between emissions from a VeroBlackPlus ink-like resin (henceforth, black) and other resins (a combination of clear, white, magenta, cyan, and yellow, henceforth, multi). Compared with room levels during printing, the LEV system was efficient in removing 62.1% (multi) to 68.6% (black) of particles measured using a CNC, 97.6% (multi) to 96.8% (black) of TVOC, and 44.2% (multi) to 57.9% (black) of carbonyls. Individual VOCs were removed with an efficacy of up to 98.9% (isobornyl alcohol, black). The removal of individual carbonyls ranged from 35.3% (formaldehyde, black) to 75.0% (acetone and propionaldehyde, black; 2-butanone, multi).
Effect of solvent used for isocyanate primer on interphase formation
Published in The Journal of Adhesion, 2021
ATR-IR observation was performed to evaluate the difference in interphases between the epoxy matrix and the MDI solution for each dilution solvent. Figure 6 shows the IR spectra of the epoxy surface before and after applying the MDI solution, which was diluted with toluene. A diamond prism was used for the measurement. The difference between the spectra is observed at 2280 cm−1. It is known that a peak derived from the asymmetric stretching mode of the isocyanate group occurs at this wave number.[18] The asymmetric stretching mode of the isocyanate group was derived from MDI. Meanwhile, no difference was observed between 1020 and 1275 cm−1. The peaks in this wave-number band were derived from the symmetric and asymmetric stretching mode of the ether bond in the epoxy matrix.[18] In the following evaluations of this study, these spectra were the focus and relative comparisons of the interphase between the epoxy matrix and isocyanate were conducted to verify the effect of the difference in solvent type. Urethane bonding formation between hydroxyl groups in the epoxy matrix and isocyanate groups in MDI was expected. However, spectra in Figure 6 showed no peak of urethane bonding at 1730 cm−1, but there is a peak at 1770 cm−1, which was derived from urethodion, a dimer of MDI.[18]Figure 7 shows the infrared absorption spectra of each epoxy surface applied with 0.5 wt.% MDI solution, which was diluted with organic solvents, toluene, butanone, chloroform, and acetone.
Additive Manufacturing for Occupational Hygiene: A Comprehensive Review of Processes, Emissions, & Exposures
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
A.B. Stefaniak, S Du Preez, JL Du Plessis
The first study, by Ryan and Hubbard (2016) measured particles and VOCs inside a build chamber during printing with liquid (Object VeroWhitePlus) feedstock resin. Particle mass concentration ranged from 3 µg/m3 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) outside the printer) to 30 µg/m3 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 1 µm (PM1) inside the printer), with PM1 decreasing and PM2.5 rising during printing (Table 2). Acetone, n-butanone, 2-butanone, 1,4-dioxane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene were determined in the room (Table 4). 1,4-Dioxane, a potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2007), was present at the highest concentration (100 µg/m3); none of the other six VOCs exceeded 14 µg/m3 (Ryan and Hubbard 2016).