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Application of Tribology Test for Quality Assessment of Fabric Softeners Based on Cationic Surfactants
Published in Girma Biresaw, K.L. Mittal, Surfactants in Tribology, 2019
Marta Ogorzalek, Tomasz Wasilewski
Based on the literature data [1–6] and previous experience [16,23,24], a model fabric softener formulation was developed, containing commonly used cationic surfactant Bis (acyloxyethyl) hydroxyethyl methylammonium methosulphate (Praepagen TQ from Clariant International Ltd, Muttenz, Switzerland) at a concentration of 5 wt%. This surfactant is classified as a quaternary ammonium salt. The commercial product contains approximately 90 wt% of a cationic surface active agent and 10 wt% of isopropanol. The compound is commonly used mainly because of its relatively low price and high efficiency as a fabric softener. In addition, the formulation contains a preservative (Acticide MBS from Thor GmbH, Speyer, Germany) consisting of benzisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. The fabric softener was prepared by adding the appropriate amount of the cationic surface active agent Praepagen TQ to water at a temperature of about 50°C. The mixture was stirred for 15 minutes, allowed to cool with the stirring to below 30°C, and finally the preservative (Acticide MBS) was added. Product was diluted with water used to make aqueous fabric softener solutions at several concentrations (20, 2, 0.2, 0.02, and 0.002 wt%) and tested.
Comparative toxicities of 10 widely used biocides in three freshwater invertebrate species
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2019
Many tropical and subtropical areas have been intensely cultivated and are highly populated; consequently, these regions can be expected to exhibit a large consumption of biocides for industrial and agricultural applications. After use, these biocides can reach aquatic environments and may cause potential harm to aquatic organisms. Three aquatic invertebrate species, the water flea (Daphnia similis), freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica), and green neon shrimp (Neocaridina denticulata), were selected for the present study because they are commonly present in tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems. In this study, 10 widely used biocides, namely methylisothiazolinone, benzisothiazolinone, octylisothiazolinone, dichlorooctylisothiazolinone, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, triclosan, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, climbazole, and clotrimazole, were selected, and their acute toxicities in the selected species were examined.