China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Research progress of preservatives in cosmetics and their detection techniques
Published in Binoy K. Saikia, Advances in Applied Chemistry and Industrial Catalysis, 2022
There are various types of preservatives in cosmetics. According to the limit use regulations of domestic and foreign cosmetic preservatives, preservatives in cosmetics can be divided into three main categories. The first category of cosmetic preservatives is parabens. Parabens, also known as nipagin esters, are used as preservatives in cosmetics because of their low toxicity, non-volatility, good bactericidal ability and stability (European Commission 2007). However, excessive use of parabens in cosmetics may cause contact dermatitis. Both China and the EU indicate in their relevant regulations that the limits for single and mixed esters are 0.4% and 0.8%. In contrast, the US believes that the use of paraben preservatives in cosmetics is safe (European Commission 200); Hu 1994; Wang 2007) The second category of cosmetic preservatives is formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasing compounds. Formaldehyde has high bactericidal activity and low price (Fu 2012). However, excessive amounts of free formaldehyde may irritate the eyes and respiratory tract, trigger allergic reactions, and are even potentially carcinogenic (Critchley 2009). In China's relevant regulations, formaldehyde and its formaldehyde release compounds are stipulated as restricted substances. Both China and Europe stipulate that the concentration of free formaldehyde in cosmetics other than oral hygiene products cannot exceed 0.2%, and the maximum concentration in oral hygiene products is 0.1% (European Commission 2007; Hu 1994; Wang 2007). The third category of cosmetic preservatives is isothiazolinone. Isothiazolinone compounds are highly effective non-oxidizing bactericidal preservatives, including MIT, CMIT and BIT, which have been widely used in various fields such as industrial recycling, cooling water, textile softener and polish, and paper industry. The research shows that these substances are Class I sensitizers which may cause allergic or dermatitis reactions, and excessive exposure may also lead to skin burns, with CMI and MI being the most sensitizing and irritating (Chen 2010; de Groot 1988; Nielsen 2001).
Microbiology in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Frederick J. Passman, Peter Küenzi
The isothiazolinone biocides include bactericidal, fungicidal, and broad-spectrum active substances. Some isothiazolinone chemistries are stable in MWFs; others can only be used as tankside additives. Isothiazolinones have been implicated with contact dermatitis (230) and are known to be skin sensitizers. In addition, they exhibit an unusually high acute aquatic toxicity (231). Other chemical classes include pyrithiones (most commonly the sodium salt of a molecule with the chemical formula C5H5NOS, a six-atom ring structure) and phenolics (six-atom aromatic ring with one or more hydroxyl groups attached).