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Applications and Future Prospects of Biosurfactants
Published in R.Z. Sayyed, Microbial Surfactants, 2022
Anita V. Handore, Sharad R. Khandelwal, Rajib Karmakar, Divya L. Gupta, Vinita S. Jagtap
Surfactants are substances which create self-assembled molecular clusters, i.e., micelles in a solution (water or oil phase) and adsorb into the interface between a solution and a different phase (gases/solids) (Nakama 2017). They are classified into three groups, viz., anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and cationic surfactants (Azarmi and Ali 2015). Surfactants play the role of significant agents in dispersion, wetting, foaming, emulsifying, anti-foaming, cleaning and in different products including adhesives, emulsions, paints, inks, sanitizers, toothpastes, shampoos, detergents, firefighting foams, insecticides and lubricants. They are extensively used in various industries such as petrochemical, agricultural, textile, paper, food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Generally, surfactants are mostly synthesized by using different chemicals, thereby showing various adverse effects not only on the environment but also on the health of society.
Household and Personal Care Products: Cleaning up and Looking Good
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The primary surfactant in shampoos is a detergent such as an alkyl sulfate or an alcohol ethoxy sulfate. An example of the former is sodium lauryl sulfate and the latter would be the laureth sulfates. All of these compounds are salts of strong acids, so they are anionic but are neutral in pH.
Investigating determinants of parabens concentration in maternal urine
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Saeid Fadaei, Hamidreza Pourzamani, Karim Ebrahimpour, Awat Feizi, Seyede Shahrbanoo Daniali, Roya Kelishadi
Parabens are the most common alkyl ester compounds of hydroxybenzoic acid, which were first introduced in the 1930s (Cashman and Warshaw 2005). These compounds mainly are categorized into two groups: short-chain parabens such as methylparaben (MeP) and ethylparaben (EtP), and long-chain parabens such as propylparaben (PrP) and butylparaben (BuP) (Andersen 2008). As the names imply, these compounds are produced by the esterification of para-hydroxybenzoic acid with low-molecular-weight alcohols including methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or butanol. Along with antimicrobial and fungicidal activities, some other advantages have made parabens to be considered as ideal preservatives. These advantages include stability, neutrality, low degree of toxicity, good solubility in water, cost-effectiveness, tasteless, odorless, and not altering the color of products (Terasaki et al. 2012; Myridakis et al. 2015). Because of these properties, the parabens are currently being used widely as preservatives in personal care products (i.e., lotions, creams, soaps, and shampoos), foodstuffs (canned foods, meats and drinks), and pharmaceutics, as well as in the various range of other industrial products (Crinnion 2010; Sakhi et al. 2018; Philippat et al. 2019). These compounds are also found in considerable extent in papers, wipes and even cigarettes (Liao and Kannan 2014; Haman et al. 2015).
Application of new synthesized zwitterionic surfactants as hair shampoo components
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Malgorzata Zieba, Daria Wieczorek, Emilia Klimaszewska, Anna Malysa, Dobrawa Kwasniewska
Hair shampoos form one of the main groups of body wash cosmetics. From the physicochemical point of view, shampoos are usually aqueous solutions of surface active agents and various additives including conditioning agents, medicinal compounds (e.g. anti-dandruff additives), pH regulators, preservatives, fragrances, colorants, substances giving formulations a pearly appearance, etc.[1–7] The key determinants of the quality of modern hair shampoos are surfactants forming the shampoo base. They are most commonly anionic surface active agents which, however, can cause epidermal dryness and irritation.[8–10] Current research is increasingly focused on the application of raw materials which, while maintaining good washing properties, would also meet other requirements applicable to shampoos including a mild effect on the skin. Up to the present day one of the compound groups with potential applications as components of hair and body wash cosmetics comprises amphoteric surfactants. One of them is the widely used surfactant Cocamidopropyl Betaine (CAPB).