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Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Formic acid, HCO2H, is a relatively strong acid that is corrosive to tissue. In Europe, decalcifier formulations for removing mineral scale that contain approximately 75% formic acid are sold, and children ingesting these solutions have suffered from corrosive lesions to mouth and esophageal tissue. Although acetic acid as a 4%–6% solution in vinegar is an ingredient of many foods, pure acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is extremely corrosive to tissue that it contacts. Ingestion of, or skin contact with acrylic acid can cause severe damage to tissues.
Biodiesel Technology
Published in Hyunsoo Joo, Ashok Kumar, World Biodiesel Policies and Production, 2019
Hamid Omidvarborna, Dong-Shik Kim
Despite the large number of proposals and R&D, in practice, there are only two possible strategies to consume a large amount of glycerol derived from biodiesel: (i) as feedstock for obtaining commodities. Two examples of this type are the glycerol hydrochlorination and the dehydration of glycerol to acrolein. The glycerol hydrochlorination allows obtaining chlorohydrins that are important intermediates for producing epichlorohydrin (a monomer of epoxide resins). The second example is the glycerol dehydration to acrolein for obtaining in a successive oxidation step acrylic acid. The second step is a well-known technology. Acrylic acid is produced by propene in two oxidation steps the first giving acrolein and the second acrylic acid using two different catalysts. In both described cases glycerol substitutes (ii) the use of glycerol for producing oxygenated additives for fuels.
Biobased Acrylic Adhesives
Published in A. Pizzi, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, 2017
Acrylic acid and its derivatives are used in many applications outside of adhesives such as coatings, superabsorbent polymers, paints, construction materials, and textiles. The demand is driven by growth in the Asia-Pacific market. In 2011, global consumption of acrylic acid and its derivatives had reached almost 10.1 million metric tons [4]. There is a growing demand for acrylic acid and its derivatives that has encouraged several of the major producers to develop processes to produce biobased acrylic acid.
Different catalytic reactor technologies in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid and acrolein
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2018
Golshan Mazloom, Seyed Mehdi Alavi
Today, acrylic acid is produced commercially via a two-step propylene to acrolein (as an intermediate) and acrolein to acrylic acid process in multitubular fixed-bed reactors (Godefroy et al. 2009). Increasing propylene price has led to research into other feedstocks. The obvious choice has been to exchange propylene by propane. In recent years, selective oxidation of propane to oxygenate products such as acrylic acid and acrolein has been extensively studied (Holmberg, Grasselli, and Andersson 2004; Deniau et al. 2008; Ivars et al. 2009; Lintz and Müller 2009) due to lower environmental effects as well as lower cost of alkanes.
Synthesis and cationic dye biosorption properties of a novel low-cost adsorbent: coconut waste modified with acrylic and polyacrylic acids
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Acrylic acid (AcA) is a potential monomer for esterification, graft polymer synthesis, and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) polymerization method. Also, the high swelling capacity and the hydrophilicity of polyacrylic acid have enabled to use this polymer as a super absorbing material. In addition, carboxylic functionality leads to good ion exchange properties (Karlsson and Gatenholm 1999).