China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Methane Conversions
Published in Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda, 1 Chemistry, 2022
Saeed Sahebdelfar, Maryam Takht Ravanchi, Ashok Kumar Nadda
Non-oxidative catalytic conversion of methane into aromatics is performed near atmospheric pressures and high temperatures (>700°C). As production of aromatics with high selectivities is possible, methane aromatization is a potential route for utilization of natural gas. Considerable efforts have been devoted to development of stable and selective catalysts and understanding bifunctional role of the catalyst and the nature of the species deposit during reaction, although they were not fully successful. Currently, overall conversions of about 14% and benzene selectivity of 80% has been achieved over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts. The synthesis condition and composition of Mo/HZSM-5 have important effect on the state and position of molybdenum on zeolite and thus catalyst performance.
Catalytic Naphtha Reforming
Published in Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk, Petroleum Refining, 2019
Mark J. Kaiser, Arno de Klerk, James H. Gary, Glenn E. Hwerk
Another class of technologies that can be employed for aromatization are those technologies that were developed based on H-ZSM-5 (MFI zeolite) catalysts. Although aromatization can be performed over H-ZSM-5, it is preferable to make use of bifunctional catalysts, with Zn/H-ZSM-5 and Ga/H-ZSM-5 being the two most common catalysts used for this purpose. Processes based on metal-promoted H-ZSM-5 were developed mainly for the conversion of C3–C4 hydrocarbons (not naphtha), although they are capable of converting naphtha. Due to the rapid deactivation of H-ZSM-5–based catalysts, these processes normally employ fixed bed swing reactors. For example, over a 48-hour period one reactor is used for production, while the catalyst in the second reactor is being regenerated by controlled coke combustion.
Composition and Types of Crude Oil and Composition of Natural Gas
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
The major constituents of most crude oils and its products are hydrocarbon compounds, which are made up of hydrogen and carbon only. These compounds belong to one of the following subclasses: Alkanes or Paraffins: Alkanes are saturated compounds having the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkanes are relatively nonreactive compounds in comparison to other series. They may either be straight-chain or branched compounds; the latter are more valuable than the former, because they are useful for the production of high-octane gasoline.Cycloalkanes or Cycloparaffins (Naphthenes): Cycloalkanes and bicycloalkanes are normally present in crude oils and its fractions in variable proportions. The presence of large amounts of these cyclic compounds in the naphtha range has its significance in the production of aromatic compounds. Naphtha cuts with a high percentage of naphthenes would make an excellent feedstock for aromatization.Alkenes or Olefins: Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having the general formula CnHn. They are practically not present in crude oils, but they are produced during processing of crude oils at high temperatures.
Influence of energy transfer in the adsorbed state of the clay at the petroleum radiolysis under gamma radiation at room temperature
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2020
This is a new aromatization method for crude oil. The aromatization of petroleum products has great significance for the petrochemical industry. The world production of aromatic hydrocarbons by means of aromatization of crude oil results in millions of tons of petroleum products. The aromatization of petroleum takes place during the different phases of the processing of petroleum and its fractions – cracking, catalytic reforming, destructive hydrogenation and pyrolysis. The most widely used process for the industrial preparation of aromatic hydrocarbons is the catalytic reforming of the petroleum. The radiochemical process presented here can be used as a new method in petroleum processing in order to increase content of their aromatic hydrocarbons by means of converting the hydrocarbon with open-chain structures into cyclic hydrocarbons in the presence of bentonite clay with nanostructures.