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Bacterial Biodegradation of Phenolics and Derivatives of Phenolics
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
Many industries are releasing highly aromatic compounds as waste. Thus, industrial effluent contains phenolics and their derivatives (El-Ashtoukhy et al., 2013). All these aromatic compounds accumulate in the environment—some of these compounds are naturally degraded from environmental flora, and the remaining materials are deposited in the natural environment (Chakraborty et al., 2010). These deposited compounds are hazardous to human, animal, and flora. Some aromatic compounds are carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic (Olaniran and Igbinosa, 2011). Nonbiodegradable aromatic compounds must be treated by biodegradable compounds or less toxic compounds (El-Nass et al., 2009. Aromatic pollutants such as phenolics and their derivatives are polluting the surface water, underground water, and soil. It causes a big concern worldwide (Krastanov et al., 2013). Phenolics and their derivatives such as phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, nitrophenol, and resorcinol are highly toxic to human, animal, aquatic life, and others (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Some of these compounds are highly toxic and difficult to remove from the environment (El-Naas et al., 2010).
Chemicals from Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Aromatic compounds are characterized by having a stable ring structure due to the overlap of the π-orbitals (resonance). Accordingly, they do not easily add to reagents such as halogens and acids as do alkenes. Aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives are susceptible, however, to electrophilic substitution reactions in presence of a catalyst. Aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives are generally nonpolar. They are not soluble in water, but they dissolve in organic solvents such as hexane, diethyl ether, and carbon tetrachloride.
Reservoir Fluid Properties
Published in Raj Deo Tewari, Abhijit Y. Dandekar, Jaime Moreno Ortiz, Petroleum Fluid Phase Behavior, 2019
Raj Deo Tewari, Abhijit Y. Dandekar, Jaime Moreno Ortiz
Aromatics are the third group and have a structure based on a hexagonal ring of carbons, with alternate simple and double bonds. This basic unit is called the benzene ring, after the simplest and most abundant aromatic compound, benzene. Other aromatic compounds are made by substituting paraffinic chains or naphthenic rings at some of the hydrogen sites, or by fusing several benzene rings together.
Nutmeg seed shell biochar as an effective adsorbent for removal of remazol brilliant blue reactive dye: kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic study
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Teema Thomas, Arun Kumar Thalla
Pollution due to the discharge of dye from Textile industries, paper industries, and leather manufacturers produces toxicity in the environment. Textile industrial waste containing synthetic dyes influences environmental toxicity and human health negatively. Aromatic compounds in dyes result in health issues like skin diseases, allergies, and even carcinogenic effects in the human body (Suteu, Malutan, and Bilba 2010). Conventional wastewater treatment plant usually does not remove these pollutants (Y. Zhang et al. 2017). Adsorption is the easiest and best method for reactive dye removal (Lai 2021), among several physical, chemical, and aerobic/anaerobic biological methods (Bhatia et al. 2017). Activated carbon is mainly utilized for wastewater treatment in the textile sector, which is also more expensive (Raj et al.2021). Adsorbent, synthesized from bio-waste (Vannarath and Thalla 2021), minimize the raw material cost and reduce the expense for contaminant removal from wastewater (Corral-Bobadilla et al. 2021).
Catalytic cracking of scrap tire-generated fuel oil from pyrolysis of waste tires with zeolite ZSM-5
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Adnan Abedeen, Md Shameem Hossain, Uday Som, MD Moniruzzaman
Different researchers used different forms of zeolite catalysts to catalytically pyrolyse tire waste and obtained comparable outcomes for pyrolytic oil composition (Qu et al. 2006; Shen et al. 2006; Williams and Brindle 2003) Because of their wide surface area, and high catalytic activity, oil generated by catalysed pyrolysis of synthetic zeolites produced a high amount of aromatic compounds (Williams and Brindle 2003). According to (Miguel et al. 2006), zeolite catalysts favoured the processing of aromatic compounds during catalytic pyrolysis of scrap tires. These aromatic compounds are highly valuable in terms of raw materials for various chemical industries. Some of the vital usages, namely are making of plastic materials, synthetic fibres, resins, rubber lubricants, detergents, dyes, pesticides, and drugs.
Phenol biodegradation by bacterial cultures encapsulated in 3D microfiltration-membrane capsules
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Eyal Kurzbaum, Yasmin Raizner, Martin E. Kuc, Anatoly Kulikov, Ben Hakimi, Lilach Iasur Kruh, Ofir Menashe
Environmentally hazardous substances originating from anthropogenic activity cause eco-toxicological harm and have a great effect on the environment and on public health. Aromatic compounds are considered to be cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic for living organisms. Most of these substances can accumulate and remain in the environment for long periods of time [1]. Phenols are organic aromatic compounds that are soluble in water and are among the most challenging pollutants in many industries, including leather, textile, paints, plastics, olive mills, wine production, etc. The water treatment industry does not exhibit a sufficient ability to treat these compounds, and they may therefore accumulate and contaminate soil and water. Phenol compounds have a broad environmental footprint and their toxicity has a tremendous effect on living organisms [2]. Phenol also causes a severe smell nuisance, even at low concentrations (0.005 mg/L) [3].