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Environmental Aquatic Toxicology
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Kevin M. Kleinow, Mark S. Goodrich
In context of the global community, water comprises nearly three fourths of the earth’s surface. Although tremendous diversity of life exists in aquatic ecosystems, a commonality among organisms is their close association with the environment. In many regards the intimate nature of organisms with the environment defines the essence of aquatic toxicology as a discipline. While by definition, aquatic toxicology is the qualitative and quantitative study of the toxic effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms, the scope of aquatic toxicology includes much more by including the influences of both biotic and abiotic processes in aqueous systems. From this perspective aquatic toxicology addresses not only all the facets related to the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms, but also the chemical interaction with the life process of an ecosystem. This chapter will deal with unique aspects of the aquatic organism-xenobiotic interaction, as well as those interactions determining environmental fate and toxicity.
Acute and chronic toxicity assessment of haloacetic acids using Daphnia magna
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Armindo Melo, Cláudia Ferreira, Isabel M.P.L.V.O. Ferreira, Catarina Mansilha
Among the existing ecotoxicological assays, the Daphnia magna test is probably the most employed and standardized test in aquatic toxicology. This crustacean is approved as model for toxicity tests by several international organizations dealing with toxicity testing procedures in view of its application within a regulatory framework (EPA 2002; OECD 1984, 2004, 2012; Sancho, Villarroel, and Ferrando 2016) due to its high sensitivity to pollutants, short life span, rapid reproduction, and maintenance in lab.