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Animal Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
As per international drug testing guidelines, it is mandatory to know any toxic effect(s) of a new drug molecule before testing in humans, and a newly synthesized drug must be tested in animals to check for any undesirable effects. Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of drugs or chemicals on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments, and detection of toxic effects associated with drug or chemical consumption. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies normally conduct almost all their toxicological testing in animals. According to 2005 EU figures, around 1 million animals are used every year in Europe in toxicology tests, which are about 10% of all procedures. The toxicological tests are conducted without anesthesia because interactions between drugs may interfere with the results. Toxicology tests are required for products such as pesticides, medications, food additives, packing materials, and air fresheners or their chemical ingredients. Most tests involve testing ingredients rather than finished products. The substances are applied to the skin or dripped into the eyes; injected intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously; inhaled either by placing a mask over the animals and restraining them or by placing them in an inhalation chamber; or administered orally, through a tube into the stomach or simply in the animal’s food.
Occupational Toxicology
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
OSHA defined “hazardous chemicals” as Toxic and hazardous substances for which OSHA has issued a permissible exposure standard (29 CFR 1910, subpart Z)Those for which ACGIH has prepared a TLVSuspect or confirmed carcinogens as reported by the National Toxicology Program or International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) or those that OSHA has regulated as carcinogens
Risk assessment and emergency response analysis
Published in John Darabaris, Macroengineering, 2006
Risk assessment draws heavily upon the science of toxicology. Toxicology is the study of how toxic substances affect organisms. Central to these studies is the concept of dose and how it is expressed. If the difference between a toxic effect and no effect is the dose (and route of entry or exposure time), all chemical substances can produce harmful effects. Typical routes of entry are inhalation, ingestion, absorption, and injection. Dose can be recorded in units of mg/kg of body weight for the oral dose, cm2 for the skin, dose, ppm, mg/m3, and mg/L for the inhalation dose.
Contemporary concepts in toxicology: a novel multi-instructor general education course to enhance green chemistry and biomedical curricula
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2019
Dalila G. Kovacs, Richard R. Rediske, Sue Marty, Pamela J. Spencer, Dan Wilson, Bryce Landenberger
There is increasing interest in the effects of both man-made and natural compounds on human health, and environmental quality. Over 100,000 compounds are in global circulation (1) and 700+ chemicals are introduced each year to the US market (2). One of the current global sustainability challenges is the design of compounds and applications with low risk and low environmental impact. Toxicology is a multidisciplinary science that combines chemistry, biology, physiology, informatics, and others to determine whether substances we are exposed to can cause harmful health effects. Without an understanding of the basic principles of toxicology, one cannot make informed decisions about the benefits and risks associated with chemicals used in current and future products. As early as 1972 (3), toxicologists were looking for ways in which students might become more aware of xenobiotic-biological interactions, and therefore, became prepared to make informed judgments about chemicals. Toxicology is usually taught at the graduate level, however, programs in undergraduate education1 are rare. Recognizing this need, the Society of Toxicology (SOT) recommended undergraduate and community college curricula to be considered as important venues for the development of toxicology education coursework (4). The newest guidelines from the American Chemical Society-Committee for Professional Training (ACS-CPT) for green chemistry inclusion in the curriculum (March 2018)2 speak of green chemistry as leveraging chemists’ ability to design new beneficial/sustainable substances (xenobiotics) while accounting for their interconnectedness with local and global systems. Guidelines include a series of conceptual topics stating the need for toxicology inclusion in chemical education. SOT is actively supporting ACS Green Chemistry Institute (ACS-GCI) efforts to promote educational activities that incorporate toxicology principles into the chemical design process. Rational design of new products should be based on the close relationships between molecular structure and predicted properties such as metabolism, rates of chemical or biodegradation, and their fate in the environment (5). A fundamental responsibility of chemists is to synthesize safe compounds utilizing available knowledge, including computational tools, and interacting with toxicologists in the very early stages of the design process. To fully integrate these critical parameters, a team approach is needed where chemists work side-by-side with toxicologists, life cycle assessment experts, and process designers.