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Published in Heinz P. Bloch, Kenneth E. Bannister, Practical Lubrication for Industrial Facilities, 2020
Heinz P. Bloch, Kenneth E. Bannister
The percentage, by volume, of iso-octane in the blend that matches the characteristics of the test fuel is designated as the Octane Number of the fuel. For example, if a blend of 90% iso-octane and 10% heptane will match the knock intensities of the “unknown” fuel, under the same conditions, the fuel would be assigned an octane number of 90. (For fuels having octane numbers above 100, the gasoline under test is compared with blends of iso-octane and tetraethyl lead, an effective antiknock agent. Such blends can have octane numbers considerably above 100.)
Organic Chemicals
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Ethylbenzene is used as a chemical intermediate for paint, lacquer thinners, and styrene production. It also serves as an antiknock agent for gasoline. The blood of 16% of the chemically sensitive seen at the EHC-Dallas contains ethylbenzene, which when present composes a significant part of their total body load (burden). It can cause liver and kidney damage, nervous system and blood changes, and birth defects.
Biomass
Published in Roy L. Nersesian, Energy Economics, 2016
Cheap gasoline forced Ford to modify the Model T in 1908 to have two fuel tanks—one for ethanol and the other for gasoline. The carburetor was adjustable for either fuel or a mix of the two, the precursor of today’s flex fuel vehicles. Ford and Standard Oil entered into a partnership to distribute corn-based ethanol blended with gasoline. In the 1920s, gasohol represented about 25 percent of Standard Oil’s sales in the corn growing region under the brand Alcogas. But as time went on, gasoline became the motor fuel of choice with ethanol primarily an additive for better engine performance. Prohibition, which lasted from 1919 to 1933, made it illegal for farmers to produce ethanol from the family still for any purpose including being a fuel. Tetraethyl lead took over ethanol’s role as an antiknock agent. After the repeal of prohibition, bioethanol again became part of the gasoline stream. With falling corn prices during the 1930s depression, Midwest states sought alternative uses for farm products. Alcolene and Agrol were gasoline blends ranging between 5 and 17.5 percent ethanol sold in 2,000 retail outlets from Indiana to South Dakota. Nonetheless, the oil industry lobbied against blending of alcohol in gasoline, as the Depression worsened the financial prospects for oil. Interest in ethanol waned after the Second World War as it could not compete against gasoline. But interest revived in the wake of the 1970s oil crisis beginning with Brazil’s National Alcohol Program (ProAlcool).
Elemental composition of ambient air particles in Taiyuan, China: evaluation of lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Xin Zhang, Xu Bai, Chenghuan Li, Tian Li, Rihua Wang, Zhuohui Zhao, Dan Norback
The mean concentration of Mn was 419 ng/m3 exceeding the guideline values of the WHO (150 ng/m3) and the ATSDR (300 ng/m3). Epidemiological studies have focused on the neurotoxicity of high exposure to Mn (Bowler et al. 2015). Mn has replaced Pd as the antiknock agent in gasoline in recent decades. The HQ of Mn was 9.37, which exceeded the limit value of 1, suggesting that there was a noncarcinogenic effect. One health risk assessment study from China concluded that Mn in outdoor PM10 could represent a noncancer risk for children as well as adults (Cheng et al. 2017). The reference levels for chronic exposure by inhalation of impairment of neurobehavioral function is 50 ng/m3 (IRIS 2018), which is well below the average concentration in our study. This critical effect value is based on a number of studies among Mn-exposed workers.