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Nanomaterials and Its Application as Biomedical Materials
Published in Savaş Kaya, Sasikumar Yesudass, Srinivasan Arthanari, Sivakumar Bose, Goncagül Serdaroğlu, Materials Development and Processing for Biomedical Applications, 2022
G.S. Mary Fabiola, P. Dhivya, M. Anto Simon Joseph
Despite of the blooming advances in the field of medicine, cancer remains with a high mortality rate, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. One of the leading causes for such a high mortality rate is the limitation of actual treatments based on drugs and radiation. These confines include lack of specificity, reduced drug bioavailability, drug rapid blood clearance, poor drug solubility, patient resistance, and disease relapse. Traditionally used chemotherapeutics which include cisplatin or taxol have been favored over other therapies due to the selective killing of cancer cells preferentially by inhibiting replication or inducing apoptosis. Certain chemotherapeutics produce adverse effects as well. Chemotherapeutics with anthracyclines and cyclophosphamide cores cause serious side effects in patients, killing healthy cells and tissues like bone marrow, epithelial cells, and hair follicles. Hence, the development of alternate and more efficient treatments that may offer fewer side effects in comparison to the actual therapies remains a challenge to researchers.
Enzyme Kinetics and Drugs as Enzyme Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Anthracycline drugs such as DOX, Epirubicin, Daunorubicin, Idarubicin, or Valrubicin are used for the chemotherapy of breast cancer, cancers of the lymphatic system or acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemias, lung, ovarian, prostate cancers, etc.—often in combination with other drugs. They are however not used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC) due to the high doses required associated with bearing the risk of causing severe cardiotoxicity. An alternative are humanized monoclonal antibodies that either target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; e.g., Bevacizumab, Ramucirumab) involved in the formation new blood vessels (angiogenesis), or the Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; Cetuximab, Panitumumab) being present in high concentrations on the surface of tumor cells.
Applications of Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems to Cancer Therapy
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
The drugs most frequently incorporated and evaluated in liposomal formulations are anthracyclines, including doxorubicin and daunorubicin. The choice of doxorubicin by many of the early research groups examining the role of liposomes as drug carriers in cancer chemotherapy stems from its broad spectrum of anti-tumor activity on the one hand, and its disturbing cumulative dose-limiting cardiac toxicity. Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin and daunorubicin cause acute toxic side effects, including bone marrow depression, alopecia, and stomatitis, and they are dose limited by a serious and mostly irreversible characteristic cardiomyopathy.35 The first study describing the encapsulation of anthracyclines into liposomes appeared in 1979. Work from various research groups followed soon after, supporting the general principle that liposomal formulations reduced the toxicity of anthracyclines in animal models.37
Nuclear targeting peptide-modified, DOX-loaded, PHBV nanoparticles enhance drug efficacy by targeting to Saos-2 cell nuclear membranes
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Ayla Şahin, Gozde Eke, Arda Buyuksungur, Nesrin Hasirci, Vasif Hasirci
Chemotherapy has been a major therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used anticancer agent for bone cancer treatment and has also shown activity against the solid tumors with its action inside the nucleus. It has an anthracycline structure and is isolated from a soil bacterium, Streptomyces peucetius. In general, anthracycline drugs prefer to intercalate the DNA base pairs that are connected to sugar moieties in the DNA minor groove and prevent resealing of DNA during the replication and transcription, and interrupt cell division. DOX interacts with both healthy and cancerous cells causing undesirable side effects. Nanotechnology is an approach that could increase the activity of DOX by maximizing its effect by concentrating it at the cancerous tissue and minimizing its damage to healthy sites [11,12].