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Characteristics of Sewage Sludge and Biosolids
Published in Eliot Epstein, LAND APPLICATION of SEWAGE SLUDGE and BIOSOLIDS, 2002
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and alkylphenols are the most common surfactant compounds. Alkylphenols are endocrine disrupters. 4-Nonylphenols (NPs) are common products of biodegradation of many nonionic surfactants, the nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs).
Trace Organics
Published in Robert H. Kadlec, Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 2019
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a widely used synthetic surfactant for domestic detergents. This group of substances is amenable to phytoremediation using both terrestrial and wetland plants (Schwitzguebel et al., 2001).
Removal of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) by a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-aided coagulation-filtration process
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Naoyuki Kishimoto, Shinya Hamamoto
Surfactants are amphiphilic chemicals containing a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group, and can alter the surface energy of solids and liquids. Therefore, they can be widely used as surface-active agents for improving the efficiency of various processes. Global surfactant consumption amounted to 13 million tons in 2006 [1]. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is an alkyl sulfonate-type anionic surfactant. In Germany, the annual production of LAS amounted to 100,000 tons/year in 1996, which occupied 14% of total surfactant production [2]. In Japan, the annual production and consumption of alkyl sulfonate-type surfactants mainly composed of LAS were 92,461 and 44,552 tons/year in 2018, respectively. The latter comprised 20% of the total annual surfactant consumption in Japan (Figure 1, Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry [3]). Thus, LAS is one of the most popular surfactants in the world, and it is often detected in domestic and industrial wastewaters at a typical concentration range of 1–21 mg/L [4].
Assessment on overall efficiency of urban greywater treatment by vermifiltration in hot climate: enhanced pollutants removal
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Awa Ndiaye, Harinaivo A. Andrianisa, Sidesse S. Y. Saapi, Odilon A. Changotade, Amare T. Adugna, Yacouba Konate, Amadou H. Maiga
However, the influence of high concentrations of household chemicals in greywater on the vermifiltration performance has not been investigated. Among them, there are chemicals such as surfactants, salt and oil and grease which may be found in greywater. Surfactants are the main components of household cleaning products [3], of which Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is one of the most common used surfactant in West Africa. The concentrations of surfactant in greywater found by Safran et al. [20] were between 1 and 60 mg/L. High concentrations of surfactants may cause adverse effects in many organisms such as aquatic organisms [21]. The level of salinity of sewage also has a negative effect on the degradation of organic matter in sand filters [22]. A change in salinity can cause a risk of sodium toxicity when the treatment system contains organisms. In vermifiltration systems high concentration of salt may cause adverse effects to earthworms [23], and sodium chloride (NaCl) can negatively affect their life cycle [24]. Greywater might also contain significant amounts of fat such as oil and grease originating primarily from kitchen sinks and dishwashers [3]. The presence of oil and grease in greywater is highly influenced by the greywater source. In the literature, no studies have investigated the accumulation of grease and oil in vermifiltration systems. Tchobanoglous et al. [25] reported that domestic wastewater could contain between 50 and 100 mg/L of oil and grease. Travis et al. [26] have reported concentrations of oil and grease of less than 10 mg/L to around 200 mg/L in domestic greywater and kitchen effluent, respectively.
Use of hop cone extract obtained under supercritical CO2 conditions for producing antibacterial all-purpose cleaners
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Tomasz Wasilewski, Dominik Czerwonka, Urszula Piotrowska, Artur Seweryn, Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Marcin Sobczak
In order to meet the requirements applicable to APC, care must be given to ensure their proper composition. A key role in the cleaner performance is attributed to surfactants which determine wetting, dispersing, and emulsifying effects. Commercially available cleaners are mainly formulated with anionic surface-active agents such as alkylbenzene sulfonates (4), sulfates of oxyethylenated fatty alcohols (5), or non-ionic surface-active agents, for example oxyethylenated fatty alcohols (6).