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1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence
Published in Thomas K.G. Mohr, William H. DiGuiseppi, Janet K. Anderson, James W. Hatton, Jeremy Bishop, Barrie Selcoe, William B. Kappleman, Environmental Investigation and Remediation, 2020
1,4-Dioxane was historically present in the ppm range in alcohol ethoxy sulfate (AES) compounds. Sodium laureth sulfate [the compound sodium 2-(2-dodecyloxyethoxy) ethyl sulfate, CASRN 3088-31-1; also called sodium lauryl ether sulfate] in particular had elevated levels of 1,4-dioxane, as high as 500 ppm. Sodium laureth sulfate is a component of anionic surfactants in detergents and shampoos. Powdered detergents typically used as much as 12% AES, whereas liquid detergents used as much as 18% AES, and dishwashing detergents may contain as much as 27% AES (Greek and Layman, 1989; Stepan Company, 2006). In addition to sodium laureth sulfate, the common shampoo, detergent, and dishwashing soap ingredients containing ammonium laureth sulfate and triethanolamine laureth sulfate may also contain 1,4-dioxane as a trace contaminant. In the 1980s, these ingredients contained elevated levels of 1,4-dioxane. Ammonium laureth sulfate contained 1,4-dioxane from 288 to 1,282 ppm; sodium laureth sulfate had from 69 to 340 ppm. In 1988, 400 million pounds of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants were used in household detergents in the United States (Talmage, 1994). Some earlier formulations of laundry presoak spray had particularly high levels of 1,4-dioxane. In one of six samples of laundry presoak spray analyzed, 1,4-dioxane was detected at a concentration of 15.0 wt%, i.e., 150,000 mg 1,4-dioxane per kilogram of laundry presoak (USEPA, 1992).
Use of hop cone extract obtained under supercritical CO2 conditions for producing antibacterial all-purpose cleaners
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2018
Tomasz Wasilewski, Dominik Czerwonka, Urszula Piotrowska, Artur Seweryn, Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Marcin Sobczak
The base formulation was a combination of two surfactant types: Laureth-7 and sodium laureth sulfate. Laureth-7 is classified as a non-ionic surfactant. An appropriate hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio ensures that the compound has a high ability to reduce surface tension and improves surface wetting. The parameters are very important in the first stage of the washing process (65). The material used (Rokanol L7) has an anhydrous form, which makes it easier to introduce hydrophobic substances into the system. Sodium laureth sulfate is an anionic surfactant. It is characterized by good foaming and detergent properties. Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of hydroxy tricarboxylic acid. In APCs, sodium citrate is used as a sequestrant and as an ingredient improving the process of washing and cleaning.