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Non-Edible Biodegradable Plant Oils
Published in Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Alessandro Ruggiero, T.V.V.L.N. Rao, J. Paulo Davim, Industrial Tribology, 2023
Zahid Mushtaq, M. Hanief, Kaleem Ahmad Najar
These additives are generally used in engine oils to expand the life of the lubricant, increase the efficiency of the engine and maintain its cleanliness. Engine oils are continuously subjected to high temperatures and combustion products like sludge. These additives prevent the agglomeration of sludge particles and disperse them. They also neutralize any gases formed as a result of incomplete combustion. Some additives are multifunctional and act as both detergent and dispersant. Some common examples are phosphates, sulfonates, phenates, calcium, barium, etc. Sulfonates and phenates are toxic and not environmentally friendly, and hence should be avoided [44].
Sample Preparation Techniques to Isolate and Recover Organics and Inorganics
Published in Paul R. Loconto, Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis, 2020
This ion pair absorbs visible light strongly at a wavelength of 652 nm. Because a method that might be developed around this ion pair and its high percent recovery into a nonpolar solvent (a commonly used one is chloroform) is nonselective, a cleanup step is usually introduced in addition to the initial LLE step. Of all possible anion surfactants, sodium salts of C10 to C20 do not form an ion pair with methylene blue, whereas anionic surfactants of the sulfonate and sulfate ester types do. Sulfonate type surfactants contain sulfur covalently bonded to carbon, whereas the sulfate ester type of surfactant contains sulfur covalently bonded to oxygen, which in turn is covalently bonded to sulfur. A good resource on the analysis of surfactants in all of its forms, including some good definitions, was published earlier.20 Those surfactants that form an ion pair and give rise to a high percent recovery are termed methylene blue active substance (MBAS). A microscaled version to the conventional method21 for the determination of MBAS in wastewater is introduced as one of the student experiments discussed in Chapter 5.
Glossary
Published in Jerry P. Byers, Metalworking Fluids, Third Edition, 2018
sulfonate: typically sodium petroleum sulfonate, although calcium sulfonates are also widely used. These materials are used as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, and even demulsifiers. Originally a by-product of “white oil” production, sulfonates may also be prepared from synthetic alkylates. Molecular weights ranging from 380 to 540 are generally most useful in metalworking. Other applications for sulfonates are in detergents, cleaning agents, and lubricating oils
The effects of anionic and non-ionic surfactant on anaerobic co-digestion of sludge, food wastes and green wastes
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Jian Sun, Yuchi Zhang, Xiaofang Pan, Gefu Zhu
As common chemical substances, surfactants are widely used as ingredients for domestic and industrial cleaning products [10]. Washing wastewater containing surfactants is discharged into sewers without further treatment [11], although surfactants are considered to be readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions [12]. In primary degradation, around 95% of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions [13]. Due to the properties of hydrophobicity, these chemicals are strongly associated with suspended solids and are difficult to degrade in anaerobic conditions. Typically, LAS levels in aerobically digested sludge were found in the range of 100–500 mg kg−1 dry wt, whereas the value for anaerobically digested sludge was 1000–30,000 mg kg−1 dry wt [14]. Nonetheless, the existence of surfactants on sludge may further affect the process of AD of municipal organic waste.
Adsorption of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate onto carbonate rock: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanistic study
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2018
Nassim Hemmati, Amir Tabzar, Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari
Surfactant adsorption onto solid surface is also controlled by the electrical properties of the solid substrate. The minerals of sandstone reservoirs have negative charge. The net charge of carbonate minerals such as calcite is also proved to be negative.[161718] Hence, negatively charged surfactants are the best candidates in terms of reducing the amount of adsorption. Sulfonates, which are anionic surfactants, are widely used in commercial chemical EOR applications because of their ability to produce ultra-low IFT in oil/water systems.[19,20] Increasing pH of the solution by using alkaline is an efficient technique to make the rock surface charge more negative and reduce anionic surfactant adsorption. In recent years, novel alkalies are introduced that increase the pH of solution with a minor increase in ionic strength, which seems to be the ideal situation in terms of minimizing chemical adsorption.[21,22]
Taxonomic, metabolic traits and species description of aromatic compound degrading Indian soil bacterium Pseudomonas bharatica CSV86T
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Balaram Mohapatra, Prashant S. Phale
Standard phenotypic and biochemical tests of CSV86T were performed following the published protocols/guidelines.[25,26] Other biochemical properties were studied using API 20NE kit (Bio-Merieux) at 30 °C for 24-48 h. Ability of strain CSV86T to assimilate alternate nitrogen or sulfur source was tested by growing cells in MSM (150 mL in baffled Erlenmeyer’s flask) amended with naphthalene (0.1%, w/v) as a sole carbon source. Alternate nitrogenous intermediates used were: NH4+ (as NH4Cl), NO2- (as NaNO2), and NO3- (as NaNO3) at 0.1% (w/v). Sulfonate-sulfur compounds used were: alkane sulfonates [methyl methanesulfonate, 2-aminoethane sulfonate (Taurine), 3-morpholino propane sulfonate (MES), piperazine-N-N’-bis(2-ethanesulfonate) (PIPES), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonate (HEPES), octane sulfonate, dodecane sulfonate] and aromatic sulfonates (4-aminobenzenesulfonate, 4-amino-1-naphthalenesulfonate and dibenzothiophene) at a final concentration of 0.05-0.1% (v/v or w/v, appropriately). Cells were grown aerobically at 30 °C at 200 rpm on an orbital shaker. Growth was checked by observing culture turbidity (absorbance at 540 nm) after 24h. Susceptibility/resistance of strain CSV86T to various antibiotics was checked following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method[27] and as per the standards for clinical and laboratory institute (CLSI, formerly the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards or NCCLS). Cellular fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of strain CSV86T were determined by Microbial ID by fully automated GC Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIDI) using MIDI standard procedures at Microbial Culture Collection (MCC), Pune, India.