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Electrolytes for Metal-Air Batteries
Published in Władysław Wieczorek, Janusz Płocharski, Designing Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium Batteries, 2021
Maciej Siekierski, Michał Piszcz, Grażyna Żukowska
Further improvement can be achieved by the use of one from the set of active compounds for acidic aqueous electrolytes, as claimed by the same authors in their paper [71]. The invention here is based on the fact that in various embodiments, the active compound dissolved in the catholyte is an active proton generator that dissociates over the course of discharge, thus yielding active protons in the catholyte that take part in the cell reaction as the discharge proceeds. The ingredients include (i) mono- and polyprotic organic acids and their acid salts, (ii) functionally substituted carboxylic acids, (iii) carboxylic acid derivatives, including acyl halides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and nitriles, (iv) lactones, (v) esters of inorganic acids, (vi) sulfur-containing organic acids, such as sulfonic acids, or their derivatives, such as sulfonamides, (vii) phenols, (viii) inorganic neutral and acid salts, including mixtures of said salts, (ix) amphoteric hydroxides, (x) onium salts formed with organic acids, and finally (xi) onium salts formed with inorganic acids. The declared advantage of the so-obtained cells is related to their increased cathode capacity per unit weight and their improved energy density.
Alkenes and Alkynes: Structure, Nomenclature, and Reactions
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
Methanesulfonic acid is CH3SO3H, a simple example of a strong organic acid. Sulfonic acids are somewhat stronger acids than carboxylic acids, generally 2–3 pKa units more acidic. Many sulfonic acids are soluble in organic solvents and do not have some of the deleterious effects of mineral acids, such as sulfuric acid or perchloric acid. This organic acid and other sulfonic acids can be used as an acid catalyst in place of sulfuric acid.
Chemicals from Paraffin Hydrocarbons
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Sulfonation is a chemical reaction in which the sulfonic acid functional group (SO3H) is introduced into a molecule (Michael and Weiner, 1936). For example, sulfonation with sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid converts benzene into benzene sulfonic acid:
Laboratory experiment and field application of chemical assisted steam flooding
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Haitao Wang, Yang Yang, Guanghuan Wu, Ming Luo
The infrared spectrum of the oil displacement agent is shown in Figure 2. The region between 2205 cm−1 and 2500 cm−1 represents the characteristic peak of ammonium salt. It shows that the peak of hydroxyl (at 3499 cm−1) basically disappeared and ether bond peaks can be observed at 1109 cm−1 and 944 cm−1. This indicates the occurrence of etherification reactions. The peak at 1252 cm−1 represents S=O of sulfate group. The two monomers can be etherified directly, the products have good thermal stability, and the cost for further etherification reaction is relatively low. The functions of each monomer are allocated as follows. Nonylphenol/octylphenol has good thermal stability and strong lipophilicity. Polyoxyethylene ether sulfonate has excellent thermal stability and interfacial properties. Sulfonic acid group has strong hydrophilicity. The Polymerization degree X in ‒(CH2‒O‒CH2)X‒ groups of oxyvinyl ether sulfonates is to adjust and control the lipophilic and hydrophilic balance of the system. The value of X ranges from 3 to 5. Furthermore, nonylphenol or octylphenol can be chosen as raw material. It depends on which one is easier to buy.
Head Loss Investigations Inside 90° Pipe Bend for Conveying Of Fine Coal–Water Slurry Suspension
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2020
Jatinder Pal Singh, Satish Kumar, S.K. Mohapatra
Experimentation across the pipe bend was also extended to investigate the effect of an additive on head loss at relatively high solid concentration of 60.8% (by weight). Sulfonic acid was used as the additive with a dosage range of 1–4% (by weight). Head loss as a function of solid concentration and flow velocity with and without additive is shown in Figure 11. It was observed that the addition of sulfonic acid resulted in decrease in head loss. Sulfonic acid exhibits strong acidic nature, is highly solubility in water, and also has detergent-like properties. Addition of sulfonic acid decreases the electrostatic attraction forces between coal particles, which results in reduction of Van der Waals forces. Due to this fact, the viscosity and head loss of coal–water slurry decreases with dispersion of additive (He and Laskowski 2000). From the results, it was observed that the rate of decrease in head loss was low with 1% addition of sulfonic acid than with additions of 2% or 3% of sulfonic acid. It was also found that the rate of decrease in head loss is very low at sulfonic acid additions beyond 3%. With the addition of 1% of sulfonic acid, head loss decreases by 1.4, 2.6, 3.5, and 4.4% were found at velocities of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s, respectively. With the addition of 3% of sulfonic acid, head loss decreases by 9.8, 12.5, 14.3, and 15.3% were found at velocities of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s, respectively. However, with the addition of 4% of sulfonic acid, head loss decreases of 10.2, 13.1, 15.0, and 16.3% were found at velocities of 2, 3, 4, and 5 m/s, respectively. Moreover, the addition of sulfonic acid leads to change the interfacial properties which change the chemistry between solid and liquid interactions. The change in chemistry between solid and liquid results in reduction of intermolecular forces between solid particles which also dominates solid–solid interactions. In other words, the particle–particle and particle–wall interactions decrease with the addition of sulfonic acid which results in reduction of various drag forces occurs randomly inside pipe. This leads to decrease the head loss across the pipe bend (Singh et al. 2017).