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Bioaugmentation to Remove Recalcitrant Pollutants in Industrial Wastewater
Published in Inamuddin, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Tariq Altalhi, Bioaugmentation Techniques and Applications in Remediation, 2022
L.P. Ananthalekshmi, Indu C. Nair, K. Jayachandran
Pesticides undergo enzymatic transformation and microbial degradation. Biodegradation involves the removal of functional groups of pesticides by decarboxylation, demethylation, dehalogenation, and ring cleavage (Liu et al. 2021). Aldrin, endrin, DDT, heptachlor, chlordane, and toxaphene are the major persistent pesticides that accumulate in living beings. Aldrin is a chlorinated cyclodiene and is a broad-spectrum insecticide that causes adverse effects in humans including dizziness, headaches, and gastrointestinal problems. It was also found to be responsible for inhalation problems in other animals (Otani and Sakata 2007). It was reported to be degraded by white-rot fungi (Xiao et al. 2011). Endrin is also an organochloride, similar to aldrin, and is highly toxic. It can cause muscle damage, bone damage and may even cause death (Singh et al. 2008). Phytoremediation of endrin with cucurbits was being reported (Matsumoto et al. 2009). DDT is an insecticide and has been identified as a persistent pollutant. It is a potent carcinogen and is ubiquitous in all life forms. Many bacterial strains were being reported to degrade DDT and some bacteria were reported to transform DDT into its less toxic forms (Pan et al. 2016). Heptachlor is another class of organochloride which is an insecticide. It is toxic to humans and aquatic life, causes skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. There were biological as well as chemical degradation of heptachlor being reported (Pokethitiyook and Poolpak 2012). Chlordane and toxaphene are also organochlorides and inhibit many receptors in physiological system. They were also identified as toxic to aquatic ecosystems and animals (Sanborn et al. 1976). All these pesticides are identified as POPs by the United Nations Environment Programme.
Aldrin
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Artificial Sources: Aldrin is an insecticide formerly used against termites and soil-dwelling pests such as ants [83], wireworms, whitegrubs, etc [28]. Aldrin in the environment has resulted from these insecticidal uses. The manufacture and use of aldrin has been discontinued in the United States [53]. Based upon monitoring data, mean loadings of aldrin in kg/day are coal mining -0.0081, foundries -0.019 and nonferrous metals manufacturing -0.0016 [76]. Loading of aldrin in kg/yr to Lake Ontario by Niagara River unfiltered water were: 1980 - <83, 1981 - <79, 1982 - <79 [39].
Activated Sludge Process for Refractory Pollutants Removal
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Reyhan Ata, Gökçe Faika Merdan, Günay Yıldız Töre
Aldrin, with a C12H8Cl6 molecular formula, is an organochlorine insecticide. Aldrin, which is neurotoxic, adversely affects the central nervous system. Although the usage of aldrin is banned in most of countries it is one of the most widely occurring pesticides in the surface water of most countries. It is used for the control of termites and leads to the localization of the chemical compound in the air, soil, and water (NIOSH 2020).
Spatio-temporal variations in hydrochemistry and quality of surface water in Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala, India
Published in Water Science, 2022
The sampling location KRR-1 showed exceeded values for all these parameters during MON and PRM. The content of Cl− was found beyond the limit only in PRM, and that too at KRR-1. Excessive Cl− concentration increases rates of corrosion of metals in the distribution system, depending on the alkalinity of water. This can lead to increased concentrations of metals in the supply. No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride in drinking-water. However, chloride concentrations in excess of about 250 mg/liter can give rise to detectable taste in water (WHO, 2008). Moreover, four samples collected during PRM revealed the presence of pesticides Aldrin and Heptachlor crossing the WHO drinking water guidelines. Prolonged exposure to heptachlor has been associated with damage to the liver and central nervous system toxicity. Aldrin, under most environmental conditions, is rapidly converted into dieldrin, which is a highly persistent organochlorine compound that has low mobility in soil, can be lost to the atmosphere and bioaccumulate. Both aldrin and heptachlor were already banned in India (Kumar, 2004). The percentage of surface water samples showing good quality for all the studied parameters for MON, POM, and PRM are found to be 44%, 67%, and 33%, respectively.