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Biodiesel from First-Generation Feedstock
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
Madhu Agarwal, Pushpendra Kushwaha, Karishma Maheshwari
The acid number is a measurement of the amount of acidic compounds in biodiesel (Kumar, 2017). The acid value, also known as the neutralizing number, is measured in mg of potassium hydroxide (mg KOH) used to neutralize 1 gram of fatty acid methyl esters, with a maximum value of 60.5 mg KOH/g in the standard specifications (EN 14214) (Ramos et al., 2009). The ASTM D664 reference standards method to determine the acid number of biodiesel and petro-diesel designates procedures for the estimation of acidic compounds in biodiesel and petro-diesel. The reliability of ASTM D664 for B20 in the minimum acid number range of 0.123–0.332 mg KOH/g was evaluated to be within 4.13% (Wang et al., 2008), while rubber (Ficus elastica) oil has a maximum value of 25.67 mg KOH/g (Dhawane et al., 2015). For all biodiesels, the acid number value rises as the storing time increases. As a result of increased hydroperoxides, which will be further oxidized into acids, the acid number increases. Acids can be produced when water causes the esters to hydrolyse into alcohols and acids (Wang et al., 2008).
Symplocos Paniculata (Sapphire Berry): A Woody And Energy-Efficient Oil Plant
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Susmitha S. Nambuthiri, Richard Koech, Technological Interventions in Management of Irrigated Agriculture, 2018
Qiang Liu, Youping Sun, Jingzheng Chen, Peiwang Li, Genhua Niu, Changzhu Li, Lijuan Jiang
The physicochemical properties are identification indexes of oil quality and they play a vital role in biodiesel production17. The physicochemical properties of several woody oil plant species have been identified in Table 11.2.17 Acid value is a measure of the amount of carboxylic acid groups in fatty acid. The acid value of S. paniculata oil is 18.59 mg of KOH per gram, which is higher than that of other oil plant species listed in the table. The iodine value is an index for the amount of unsaturation in fatty acids. The iodine value of S. paniculata oil is 71.93 g per 100 g, which is 25% lower than peanut oil. Saponification value is a measure of the average molecular weight (or chain length) of all the fatty acids present. S. paniculata oil has a saponification value of 152.22 mg of KOH per gram. It is comparable to Sapium sebiferum and Styrax tonkinesis oil and lower than peanut oil. Pretreatment processes are needed to improve the oil quality for biodiesel production, and the acid value of the S. paniculata oil should especially be reduced before transesterification.
Biodiesel
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas, Simon Jayaraj, Chandrasekaran Muraleedharan
The acid number can provide an indication of the level of lubricant degradation while the fuel is in service. During the fuel injection process, more fuel returns from an injector than injected into the combustion chamber of the engine. The temperature of the return line fuel may reach more than 60°C and thus accelerates the degradation of biodiesel. High acid value leads to corrosion of engine parts, forms deposits in the fuel system, and affects the life of fuel pump.
Microbial valorization of waste cooking oils for valuable compounds production – a review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Marlene Lopes, Sílvia M. Miranda, Isabel Belo
Several parameters are employed to evaluate the extension of chemical reactions and the degradation of repeated frying oils, such as saponification index (measures the average molecular mass of fatty acids), acid value (quantifies the percentage of FFA), iodine value (measures the degree of oil unsaturation), peroxide value (indicator of initial oxidation), p-anisidine value (measures the oil oxidation), total oxidation value (estimates the oxidative deterioration of oil lipids), 2-thiobarbituric acid value (estimates the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids) and total polar compounds (measures the thermo-oxidative degradation of frying oil). In food industry, the maximum value of each parameter allowed until the discard of deep frying oil depends on the type of food being fried (Nayak, Dash, Rayaguru, & Krishnan, 2016).
Fuel properties of B100 and blends of Terminalia belerica (Roxb.) oil biodiesel synthesised using SrO as a basic heterogeneous catalyst
Published in Biofuels, 2020
R. Sreekanth, S.S. Joshi, Rana Pratap Reddy
Seeds were separated from the hard rind of the dried fruits, sun dried and water-washed 3 to 4 times to remove adhered sand and dust particles. The seeds shown in Figure 1 were further dried in an oven at 110°C for 60 min to eliminate any water content. Mechanical crushing was carried out to reduce seed size to 1/4th for higher surface area, which facilitates better extraction [21]. The crushed seeds were subjected to soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether (60 to 80°C) for 6 h in a 1-L two-necked reactor fitted with a reflux condenser and PID controller (SelecTC544, with pt100 resistance thermometer detector). The maximum extraction of oil was achieved by repeating the extraction procedure several times. Photographs of dry seed kernels and extracted oil are shown in Figure 2(a,b). Excess solvent was separated from oil using a rotary evaporator (Buchi make) and the dry weight of the oil was found to be 32.5%. The fatty acid composition of the oil was obtained by GC (DB Wax; 0.25 × 30 m) using helium carrier gas and an FID detector. The acid value was estimated by conventional titration methods using 0.1 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide and phenolphthalein indicator, and calculated using Equation (1):where N = concentration of KOH and V = volume.
Hydrotreatment of jatropha oil over noble metal catalysts
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2019
Shailesh J. Patil, Prakash D. Vaidya
Jatropha oil was characterized by finding its various physico-chemical properties such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, density, cloud point, pour point, and flash point. The acid value is the amount of potassium hydroxide (in mg) required to neutralize one gram of oil. It is associated with the concentration of free fatty acids present in oil. Saponification value is the amount of KOH required (in mg) to saponify a gram of oil. The average molecular weight of oil constituents can be predicted by knowing the SAP value. The iodine value represents the extent of unsaturation present in oil. It is especially useful because H2 consumption during the hydrotreatment process is affected by the extent of unsaturation in the feed oil. The observed values of these properties were as follows: acid value = 7.5 mg KOH/g, saponification value = 201 mg KOH/g, iodine value = 100 g I2/100 g oil, density = 0.94 g/cm3, cloud point = 280 K, pour point = 275 K, and flash point = 495 K. The elemental composition of jatropha oil was determined using the Thermo Finnegan Analyzer (Flash EA1112 series, Italy), and the results were as follows: C = 77.03%, H = 9.8%, O = 10.54%, and N = 1.72%. To determine the fatty acid composition of jatropha oil, the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was synthesized by the transesterification process of jatropha oil. Transesterification was performed by using sodium hydroxide and methanol. FAME was characterized by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and BPX-70 column (50 m × 0.2 mm × 0.25 µm). The fatty acid composition of oil was as follows: palmitic acid (C16:0) = 13.49%, palmitoleic acid (C16:1) = 1.09%, stearic acid (C18:0) = 5.23%, oleic acid (C18:1) = 43.57%, and linoleic acid (C18:2) = 36.62%.