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Industrial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Similar semisynthetic approaches can be used for the manufacture of other antibiotics. Cephalosporin C is made as the fermentation product of Cephalosporium acremonium. However, this form is not potent for clinical use. Its molecule can be transformed by removal of an aminoadipic acid side chain to form 7-α aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which can be further modified by adding side chains to form clinically useful broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Various side chains can be added to as well as removed from both 6-APA and 7-ACA to produce antibiotics with varying spectra of activities and varying degrees of resistance to inactivation by enzymes produced by pathogenic microbes. Thus, we have entered into the so-called third-generation cephalosporins, such as moxalactam, developed for control of bacteria that produce enzymes capable of degrading penicillins and cephalosporins.
Industrial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Similar semisynthetic approaches can be used for the manufacture of other antibiotics. Cephalosporin C is made as the fermentation product of Cephalosporium acremonium. However, this form is not potent for clinical use. Its molecule can be transformed by the removal of an aminoadipic acid side chain to form 7-α-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which can be further modified by adding side chains to form clinically useful broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Various side chains can be added to as well as removed from both 6-APA and 7-ACA to produce antibiotics with varying spectra of activities and varying degrees of resistance to inactivation by enzymes produced by pathogenic microbes. Thus, we have entered into the so-called third-generation cephalosporins, such as moxalactam, developed for control of bacteria that produce enzymes capable of degrading penicillins and cephalosporins.
Production of Antibiotics and Anti-Tumor Agents
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
While 6-APA can be made during fermentation by starving P. chrysogenum of the side-chain precursor, 7-amino cephalosoporanic acid (7-ACA) cannot be produced by fermentation even if precursors are not added; neither can it be produced by the enzymatic side-chain cleavage as with 6-APA. The production of 6-amino cephalosporanic acid is therefore by chemical means. 7-ACA is obtained by the chemical removal of the alpha- amino-adipic side chain of cephalosporin when preparing cephalosporins which have alpha-3 acetoxymethyl group or a derivative from it. However, cephalosporins with a 3-methyl substituent (deacetoxy-cephalosporanic acids) are derived from penicillins. The more complex nature of cephalosporins in comparison with penicillins offers greater opportunities for the production of semi synthetics and besides 6-ACA, 6-ADCA (6 amino decephalosporanic acid) is also used as a basis for the production of semi synthetic cephalosporins. The methods of their preparation are similar to those described for the semi-synthetic penicillins.
Recent progress on the removal of antibiotic pollutants using photocatalytic oxidation process
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yanxi Chen, Jingling Yang, Lixi Zeng, Mingshan Zhu
β-Ls as broad-spectrum antibiotics are mainly classified as penicillin and cephalosporin. Penicillin, including amoxicillin (AMX) and ampicillin (AMP), are derived from penicillium, which can prevent the cross-linking of amino acid chains in the walls of bacterial cells. Cephalosporin as a class of semisynthetic antibiotic with bactericidal effect, containing ceftiofur sodium(CFS), ceftriaxone sodium, Cephalexin (CLX), and so forth, are the derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) (Loder et al., 1961; Wang et al., 2004).