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Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas
Published in Yuli Ekowati, Protection of Public Health from Microbial and Chemical Hazards in Swimming Pool Environments, 2019
The UV filters listed in Annex Table S2 are the target compounds in this study. 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (benzophenone-1, BP1), 2,2′,4,4′-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (benzophenone-2, BP2), 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-3, BP-3), 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (benzophenone-8, BP8), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4HB), 4,4′-dihidroxybenzophenone (4DHB), 2,3,4-trihydroxy benzophenone (THB), 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (OD-PABA), ethyl-4-aminobenzoate (EtPABA), 1H-benzotriazole (1HBT), and 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole monohydrate (DMeBT) were of the highest purity (>99%) and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany); 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC, 99% of purity) was supplied by Dr. Ehrenstorfer (Augsburg, Germany); 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (MeBT, purity >99%) and 2-(5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazole (TBHPBT, purity >98%) were supplied by TCI (Zwijndrecht, Belgium). Isotopically labelled compounds 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone-2’,3’,4’,5’,6’-d5 (BP3-d5), 3-(4-methylbenzylidene-d4)camphor (4MBC-d4), and 1H-benzotriazole-d4 (BZT-d4) used as internal standards with 99% purity were purchased to CDN isotopes (Quebec, Canada).
The primary molecular influences of marine plastisphere formation and function: Novel insights into organism -organism and -co-pollutant interactions
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Charlotte E. Lee, Lauren F. Messer, Sophie I. Holland, Tony Gutierrez, Richard S. Quilliam, Sabine Matallana-Surget
Organic UV-filters are compounds used to protect against UV-A (320–400 nm) and UV-B (290–320 nm) radiation (Díaz-Cruz et al., 2008). As a component of plastics and personal care products (PCPs), including sunscreens (Díaz-Cruz et al., 2008; Semones et al., 2017), organic UV-filters have become a rising contaminant in municipal effluents, with up to 223 µg/L released in UK effluents alone (Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2009). PCPs, unlike many POP sources, are used by a majority of the general public (Díaz-Cruz et al., 2008), making these organic UV-filters ubiquitous throughout the ocean (Figure 6), and highly concentrated at the coast when applied before bathing (Lozano et al., 2020). The organic UV-filter Benzophenone-3 (BP3), also known as oxybenzone, is used in many PCPs, and reaches concentrations of 1.395 mg/L in coastal regions (Downs et al., 2016). While other PCP-sourced organic UV-filters including octocrylene, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), reach up to 7.301 µg/L, 1.043 µg/L, and >4 µg/L respectively (Figure 6). Significantly, organic UV-filters remain chemically stable in the environment for >2.4 years (Semones et al., 2017), and sorb to plastics with a coefficient of up to 53,200 Kd (4-methylbenzylidene) (Wu et al., 2016). PCP-sourced organic UV-filters also bind most strongly [LogKd ≤ 4.58] to the ocean’s most abundant plastics, polyethylene and polystyrene (Miao et al., 2020; Teuten et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2018), which in combination with those leached from the plastic, means many UV-filters are likely present in the plastisphere (Figure 4).
Sorption of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from water and wastewater by carbonaceous materials: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Ming Zhang, Jialing Shen, Yuchi Zhong, Tao Ding, Pavani Dulanja Dissanayake, Yi Yang, Yiu Fai Tsang, Yong Sik Ok
The widespread distribution of PPCPs in the environment increases the possibility of human exposure via water and food consumption and potentially increases the risks to environmental and human health. Previous studies found that veterinary diclofenac (DCF) may negatively affect the population and diversity of birds, for example, steppe eagles and vultures in South Africa and India, respectively (Cuthbert et al., 2016; Galligan et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2014). Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), the sunscreen UV filter, is hazardous to the conservation of coral reefs in Hawaii and the United States Virgin Islands and threatens the resiliency of coral reefs to climate change (Downs et al., 2016). Martins et al. (2017) found that exposure to 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) and triclosan (TCS) led to developmental malformations (up to 3%) in frog embryos and adverse effects on the early life stages of frogs, respectively. 4-MBC may also induce oxidative stress and trigger apoptosis in marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus, resulting in developmental, reproductive, and even lethal toxicity (Chen et al., 2018). The risk assessment suggested that under environmentally realistic concentrations, 4-MBC can significantly pose a threat to marine crustaceans and marine ecosystems (Chen et al., 2018). Other results show that environmentally relevant concentrations of BP-3 and 4-MBC can negatively affect freshwater insects (e.g. caddisfly) (Campos et al., 2017). Ho et al. reported that exposure up to 250 μg/L TCS does not affect normal embryogenesis or organogenesis, however, concerns regarding the possible impairment of lipid metabolism remain (Ho et al., 2016).