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Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Elia Tomás-Pejó, Antonio D. Moreno, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
Propanol (C3H8O) can be found in the form of two different isomers: 1-propanol also known as n-propanol, and 2-propanol also called isopropanol. Isopropanol is an industrial chemical that can be used as a solvent and fuel additive for the preparation of gasoline with high octane rating. Besides, it can be dehydrated and converted into propylene, which is used in the production of polypropylene (Rassadin et al. 2006). Propylene is the second most important chemical intermediate in the petrochemical industry after ethylene, and it is used in many chemical reactions for the synthesis of a wide variety of products, including plastic materials. Isopropanol can be also catalytically condensed into diisopropyl ether, which displays good fuel properties and could substitute MTBE. The 1-propanol isomer is formed via hydroformylation of ethylene and is mainly used as a solvent.
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
Propyl alcohol, 1-propanol, is a colorless liquid with an odor similar to ethanol. It is polar, soluble in water, and has a specific gravity of 0.8, which is lighter than water. It is a dangerous fire risk with a flammable range of 2 to 13% in air. The vapor density is 2.1, which is heavier than air. The boiling point is 207°F, the flash point is 74°F, and the ignition temperature is 77°F. It is toxic by skin absorption with a TLV of 200 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1274. The NFPA 704 designation is health 1, flammability 3, and reactivity 0. The primary uses are in brake fluid, as a solvent, and as an antiseptic.
Methanol, ethanol and propanol droplets evaporation characteristics with a dilute concentrations of hematite and magnetite nanoparticles
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Hesham Elkady, Rami Zewail, Shinsuke Mori, Shinichi Ookawara, Ahmed E. Elwardany
In this section, propanol-based droplet evaporation characteristics with hematite NPS is discussed. As mentioned before, propanol has the highest boiling point among the three studied alcohols with 97.1 °C. Hence, the propanol-hematite droplet experiences a delay in its evaporation and a decrease of 10.7% in the evaporation rate compared to the pure propanol droplet at 100 °C and a concentration of 300 mg/L (Figure 10a). As the ambient temperature rises, hematite NPs is found to enhance the droplet evaporation at 200 °C and 300 °C. This may be due to the relatively low propanol latent heat of vaporization (Figure 2). Hematite NPs increases the evaporation rate at 200 °C with 3.4% at a concentration of 300 mg/L. the lowest droplet lifetime is detected at a concentration of 300 mg/L and a temperature of 300 °C, for which the evaporation rate increased by 14.9% compared with the pure droplet.
Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
W. de Bruin, M. C. van Zijl, N. H. Aneck-Hahn, L. Korsten
Between April 2020 and August 2021, the FDA recalled more than 255 products that contained either methanol, 1-propanol, or low levels of alcohol (McDonald 2021). Like Matatiele et al. (2022), who assessed ABHS in Johannesburg areas of SA, only one product contained 1-propanol. 1-Propanol is toxic and can be life-threatening when ingested and, although rare, can cause allergic skin reactions (Schülke 2020). Similar to findings from a SA and Italian study, none of the ABHS contained methanol (Berardi et al. 2020; Yusuf 2021). Matatiele et al. (2022), however, found methanol in 17% of the 94 hand sanitisers they analysed. The lowest alcohol content that was detected in this study was 32.1%, similar to sub-potent ranges observed by Berardi et al. (2020), Govender et al. (2022), Knowler (2020), and Yusuf (2021).