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Biofuels Production from Renewable Energy Sources
Published in Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi, Fundamentals of Biofuel Production Processes, 2019
Debabrata Das, Jhansi L. Varanasi
Animal or plant fats oils are usually composed of triglycerides which are the esters formed by the free fatty acids and glycerol (Suppes 2004). These triglycerides cannot be used as a fuel due to their high viscous properties that cause incomplete combustion, carbon deposition, and so on. The viscosity of oils can be reduced using different methods such as blending with petroleum diesel, microemulsion, thermal cracking, and transesterification reaction. Among these, transesterification is the most common method of producing biodiesel from oil seed crops. It involves a reaction of primary alcohols with triglycerides of fatty acids (oil from energy crops) in the presence of a homogeneous or a heterogeneous catalyst to form fatty acid ethyl or methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol (Keera et al. 2011) (Figure 2.5).
INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Published in Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Industrial Solvents Handbook, Revised And Expanded, 2003
Ethanol is a monohydric primary alcohol. It melts at -117.3°C and boils at 78.5°C. It is miscible (i.e., mixes without separation) with water in all proportions and is separated from water only with difficulty; ethanol that is completely free of water is called absolute ethanol. Ethanol forms a constant-boiling mixture, or azeotrope, with water that contains 95% ethanol and 5% water and that boils at 78.15°C; since the boiling point of this binary azeotrope is below that of pure ethanol, absolute ethanol cannot be obtained by simple distillation. However, if benzene is added to 95% ethanol, a ternary azeotrope of benzene, ethanol, and water, with boiling point 64.93C, can form; since the proponion of water to ethanol in this azeotrope is greater than that in 95% ethanol, the water can be removed from 95% ethanol by adding benzene and distilling off this azeotrope. Because small amounts of benzene may remain, absolute ethanol prepared by this process is poisonous.
Alcohol Fuels
Published in M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti, Biofuels Production and Processing Technology, 2017
Gnouyaro P. Assima, Ingrid Zamboni, Jean-Michel Lavoie, M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti
The processes used for the production of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols seem to follow a classical pattern where the primary alcohols are industrially produced through a hydroformylation process, in which a Cn−1 alkene is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce a Cn alcohol. If the alcohols are secondary or tertiary, the approach is to hydrate the corresponding olefin, which, in most cases, should follow Markovnikov’s rule allowing the process to use a simple and inexpensive acid catalyst ranging from a homogeneous inorganic one (sulfuric acid) to a heterogeneous ion-exchange or zeolite-type catalyst. A summary of catalyst and conditions used for propanol, butanol, and higher alcohols is presented in Table 14.13.
Artificial neural network modeling-coupled genetic algorithm optimization of supercritical methanol transesterification of Aegle marmelos oil to biodiesel
Published in Biofuels, 2021
S. Sindhanai Selvan, P. Saravana Pandian, A. Subathira, S. Saravanan
Biodiesel is obtained by transesterification of edible/nonedible oils or fats with short-chain primary alcohols through catalytic or non-catalytic processes [10]. Transesterification using catalyst has several shortcomings such as a lower reaction rate, longer reaction time, and complex purification and separation of the end product [11]. Moreover, the catalyst is sensitive to the oil quality since higher free fatty acid (FFA) content and moisture leads to soap formation, higher catalyst consumption, and reduced catalyst effectiveness. To circumvent these drawbacks, the non-catalytic supercritical methanol (SCM) process, involving less reaction time and a much easier and eco-friendly downstream process, can be employed [12,13]. In addition, an increased yield of biodiesel is obtained in the SCM method, because of simultaneous esterification of FFA in feedstock to biodiesel in addition to transesterification compared to the catalytic method [14].
Rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) oil biodiesel emission profiles and engine performance characteristics using a TD202 diesel test engine
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Samuel Erhigare Onoji, Sunny E. Iyuke, Anselm I. Igbafe, Michael O. Daramola
Diesel from plant origins, known as biodiesel, has gained wide acceptance for future replacement of petroleum-based diesel without technical modification/redesign of the current diesel engines because of its characteristic properties that are overwhelmingly similar to those of diesel, in addition to good lubricity, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and eco-friendliness when used in diesel engines. Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl methyl ester produced from transesterification of triglyceride (oil) with excess primary alcohol, preferably methanol, in the presence of a suitable catalyst [3]. Due to increasingly stringent environmental regulations and the short global supply of biodiesel, the use of biodiesel/diesel blends has been encouraged to reduce the levels of exhaust gas emissions into the environment [4]. Currently, about 95% of biodiesel produced is sourced from edible vegetable oils [5], and 60–95% of the total cost of biodiesel depends on the feedstock used [6]. The debate over a potential food–fuel crisis due to the use of edible oils for biofuel production stimulated research to search for non-edible oils as viable sources of raw material for biodiesel production [7]. Studies have shown that rubber seed, which contains 30–60% oil, displays advantages over other non-edible oil seeds for biodiesel production, and natural rubber from rubber trees is used to produce over 50,000 rubber products [8, 9]. Using waste rubber seed shell as a biocatalyst for biodiesel production in this study further reduces the cost of rubber seed oil biodiesel [10]. Previous research on the emission characteristics and engine performance of biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil is not available on the Nigerian bioengineered rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis, NIG800 series). The NIG800 series has yields of 3000–3500 kg dry natural rubber/hectare/year and about 1200 seeds/tree/year, greater than those of rubber trees from other regions [11]. The Nigerian series could be the preferred rubber tree for cultivation in sub-Saharan Africa and other rubber-producing nations for massive production of natural rubber and seed oil for biodiesel production over the next century. Therefore, it became necessary to study the emission profiles and engine performance of biodiesel produced from seeds of Nigerian-developed rubber trees and its blends. The study will act as a database for relevant agencies of the Nigerian government, researchers, and industrialists.