China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Water Treatment and Purification
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Bacteria are single-cell prokaryotes (without nucleus) ranging in size from 0.3 to 100 micron (μm) long. Many of these pathogenic bacteria belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. They include the human pathogen; Salmonella typhi, which is typically present in all kinds of food grown in polluted environments. Another type of bacterium in this family, Yersinia enterocolitica (certain strains) causes acute gastroenteritis with diarrhea. Y. enterocolitic bacteria are present in sewage and fecal-contaminated surface water. A special feature of Y. enterocolitica is their ability to grow even at low temperatures (say 4°C). Therefore, these organisms can survive for long periods in water habitats. Shigella, also part of Enterobacteriaceae, causes dysentery in humans and is usually transmitted through direct contact. Other bacteria species of significance but not part of this family include Vibrio cholerae, specifically the serogroup 01, which causes cholera, an acute intestinal disease with massive diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration, at times leading to death. Some other pathogenic bacteria include campylobacter and opportunistic pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila and aeromonas.
Microbiological Quality of Environmental Samples
Published in Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver, Microbiological Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2018
Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros, Klara Ver
Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are gram-negative organisms and intestinal inhabitants of many domestic animals and are often transmitted in meat and milk. Both organisms have the ability to grow at refrigerator temperature (4°C). The sickness caused by the bacteria is yersiniosis. Its symptoms are diarrhea, fever, headache, and abdominal pain.
Nanoformulation approach for improved stability and efficiency of lactoperoxidase
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Numerous studies have shown that the enhancement of LPS may inhibit various psychrotrophic microbes, such as numerous Micrococcus strains, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus genera.[51–53] Consequently, this prevents and protects food from spoilage for some days if compared to what can be attained with refrigeration condition alone.[37] Mixtures of LPO with some bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus reuteri produced a potential antimicrobial multi-ingredient that showed a strong bactericidal efficiency against numerous Gram-negative bacteria that present in milk products including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Aeromonas hydrophila, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica,.[54] The LPS attended not only as a strong biocidal ingredient toward a broad spectrum of bacteria but also can exert a crucial fungicidal activity against pathogenic molds and yeasts such as Candida albicans.[55]
Formation mechanisms of viable but nonculturable bacteria through induction by light-based disinfection and their antibiotic resistance gene transfer risk: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Yiwei Cai, Jianying Liu, Guiying Li, Po Keung Wong, Taicheng An
The induction efficiency of VBNC bacteria under low temperature conditions is usually high. For example, Lv et al. used low temperature conditions to induce 5.5–6.5 in 6.5 log of E. coli O157:H7 into the VBNC state (Lv et al., 2020). Similarly, Boehnke et al. induced all 6.0 log of H. pylori into the VBNC state with low temperature (Boehnke et al., 2017). However, although some other conditions may be highly efficient at inducing VBNC bacteria, there may be large fluctuations in the results. Fu et al. used high temperature to induce only 2.1–6.5 in 7.5 log of E. coli O157:H7 into the VBNC state (Fu et al., 2020). Han et al used neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water to induce three kinds of VBNC bacteria with efficiencies of 0–8.2 in 8.5 log of E. coli O157:H7, 0–8.2 in 8.4 log of Salmonella Enteritidis and 0–8.3 in 8.5 log of Yersinia enterocolitica (Han et al., 2018). The information summarized in Table 2S shows that various environmental conditions may induce VBNC bacteria, and we cannot eliminate the existence of natural conditions. However, disinfection technologies used in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) seek to completely eliminate pathogenic bacteria. If this disinfection also induces VBNC bacteria, it will be concerning.
Synthesis of alternan-stabilized zinc nanoparticles: morphological, thermal, antioxidant and antimicrobial characterization
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Nur Yücel, Hümeyra İspirli, Emin Mercan, Ümmügülsüm Erdoğan, Enes Dertli
In order to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of ZnNPs-Alt, agar disk diffusion technique was used as previously outlined.[2,22] For the determination of the antibacterial activity of ZnNPs-Alt, five foodborne pathogenic strains Staphylococus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were used. These strains were grown with TSB medium and plated to TSB agar plates after the overnight growth. Sterile cellulose disks (9 mm diameter) were impregnated with 40 µl from 1, 5, and 10 mg ml−1 concentrations of ZnNPs‒Alt for antibacterial activity. Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. After incubation, the plates were examined and the inhibition zones were determined.