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Marine Macroalgal Biorefinery: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Nitin Trivedi, Arijit Sankar Mondal, Ritu Sharma, Dhanashree Mone
Macroalgae are mostly known for their polysaccharide contents apart from protein and other biochemical components. Ulvan (comprised of glucuronic acid, xylose, sulfated rhamnose, and iduronic acid) is the unique sulfated polysaccharide that is mainly found in green macroalgae of genus Ulva. Few other polysaccharides, such as xyloglucan, glucuronan, and cellulose, are also present but limited in the cell wall (Lakshmi et al., 2020; Kidgell et al., 2019). The presence of these polysaccharides (mostly ulvan) upholds the green macroalgae as an attractive source for the feedstock production of high to low-grade biorefinery products. These biorefinery products obtained from the residual biomass via combined treatment processes (physical, chemical, thermochemical, and biochemical) comprise bio-based valuable feed, food, and non-food products (Sadhukhan et al., 2019). Apart from ulvan, various other biochemical components of green macroalgae, such as protein, lipids, fatty acids, pigments, etc., along with the dietary fibers, are also used for producing distinct primary value-added products, followed by the production of secondary products: animal feed, biorefinery feedstock, bioenergy, and other miscellaneous products (bioadsorbents, biomaterials, and bioelectronics) from the leftover biomass (Zollmann et al., 2019; Shannon and Abu-Ghannam 2019; Lakshmi et al., 2020). The above applications highlight the complete utilization of the macroalgae with zero-waste production, which strictly obeys the protocols of the macroalgal biorefinery approach.
Immunochemistry of Cell Wall – a Tool for Evaluation of the Response of Plants to Changed Habitat
Published in Artur Dyczko, Andrzej M. Jagodziński, Gabriela Woźniak, Green Scenarios: Mining Industry Responses to Environmental Challenges of the Anthropocene Epoch, 2022
Katarzyna Sala, Kamila Godel-Jędrychowska, Ewa Kurczyńska
The responses of the plant cell wall to the abiotic stresses mentioned above are intensively investigated at the morphological, physiological, transcriptomic, proteomic and biochemical levels. Based on many studies it appears that plant responses are highly complex and dependent on the plant species, genotype, age of the plant, duration of the stress application, and intensity of this stress. Thus, it is difficult to present a common pattern of stress response in cell wall architecture that is involved in adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stress (Le Gall et al. 2015). The common reaction of cell walls involves an elevation in xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansion action and an increased cell wall thickening by incorporation of hemicellulose and lignin into the wall (Le Gall et al. 2015). Such results indicate that to answer the questions regarding how plants adapt to the environmental stresses, a multidisciplinary approach needs to be used, including the immunohistochemical methods which allow to determine the spatio-temporal changes in chemical composition of the cell wall.
Polysaccharides: An Overview
Published in Shakeel Ahmed, Aisverya Soundararajan, Pullulan, 2020
S. Vijayanand, Ashwini Ravi, Aisverya Soundararajan, Annu, P. N. Sudha, J. Hemapriya
Hemicellulose is a part of wood fractions that consist of polysaccharide polymers with low degree of polymerization when compared with cellulose. It mainly consists of D-xylopyrannose, D-glucopyranose, D-galacopyranose, L-arabinofuranose, and D-mannopyranose. That is why they are called heterogenic group of polysaccharides [146, 182]. The non-cellulosic polysaccharides obtained from plant sources are grouped under hemicellulose. Hemicellulose represents around one third of the mass of cell walls and can be extracted easily with water and also alkali treatment, excluding glucan [88, 130, 175]. It can also be cleaved by action of enzymes such as xylan esterases, arabinofuranosidases, glucuronidases, and mannases [52, 162]. Hemicellulose is categorized into three types: mannan, xylan, and xyloglucan [131]. Apart from these, other polysaccharides such as galactans, arabinans, and arabinogalactans are also placed under hemicellulose [153].
Vetiver grass-microbe interactions for soil remediation
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021
Xun Wen Chen, James Tsz Fung Wong, Jun-Jian Wang, Ming Hung Wong
Closure of stomata and thickened cell wall facilitate sequestration of HMs within the cell wall. HMs were chelated by phenolics, glutathione S-transferase and low molecular weight thiols in Vetiver (Melato et al., 2016). Plants can also remodel the cell wall by xyloglucan modifying enzymes and expansins, and allow further growth of plant organs under abiotic stress (Tenhaken, 2015).