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Clinical and epidemiological context of COVID-19
Published in Sanjeeva Srivastava, Multi-Pronged Omics Technologies to Understand COVID-19, 2022
Viswanthram Palanivel, Akanksha Salkar, Radha Yadav, Renuka Bankar, Om Shrivastav, Arup Acharjee
Understanding of COVID-19 characteristics is evolving over the period as the mutant strains are rising in several areas. COVID-19-infected patients have a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and seem to predict a favorable trend in most patients. Pneumonia is a pervasive manifestation of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Most of the clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 are similar to the characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). They include fever, cough, general weakness, body ache, diarrhea, vomiting, myalgia, and dyspnea with progression to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (Huang et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020). Figure 1.1 represents the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and its time-line of symptom relations from asymptomatic to symptomatic state. The incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 from the exposure of the virus to exhibiting clinical signs is between 5 and 14 days (Guan et al. 2020). Besides respiratory distress and failure, infected patients are also known to manifest viremia, which causes multi-organ failure putting the patient at higher risk and eventually leading to death. Global expansion of COVID-19 disease with a substantial rise in the number of positive patients also annotates other new symptoms arising. These clinical manifestations differ from patient to patient based on certain risk factors like age, health conditions, and gender, among others (Yadav 2021). Among these, specific age groups have also been noted as a risk factor for the severity of the disease. At the same time, the younger population is studied to be with mild symptoms or asymptomatic, which might be crucial in further spreading the disease (Kronbichler et al. 2020). Severe cases are often treated in an intensive care unit (ICU) and require artificial ventilation as a breathing aid. The case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 is estimated between 3.4% and 11% (Novosad et al. 2020).
COVID-19;-The origin, genetics,and management of the infection of mothers and babies
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Hassan Ih El-Sayyad, Yousef Ka Abdalhafid
Chen et al. [131] mentioned that the convalescent plasma antibody from patients who have recovered from viral infections is important to suppress viremia and consequently treatment. The administration of a vaccine containing formalin-killed Pasteurella multocida cells could be effective in therapy if administered early in the course of the disease, by stimulating the production of specific protective antibodies.