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VNPs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester, Viral Nanoparticles, 2019
Nicole F Steinmetz, Marianne Manchester
Intravital imaging studies using fluorescent-labeled CPMV particles indicated that CPMV particles were specifically internalized by endothelial cells in vivo (Lewis et al., 2006). This interaction has been dissected in detail; it was shown that this interaction is biospecific and mediated by the mammalian protein vimentin (Koudelka et al., 2007, 2009). Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament predominantly expressed in the cytosol of cells of mesenchymal origin. Cytosolic vimentin plays a key role in intracellular dynamics and archtitecture (reviewed in Evans, 1998; Wang & Stamenovic, 2002). Besides its cytosolic localization, vimentin has recently been identified as a surface-exposed and/or secreted protein in activated macrophages (Mor-Vaknin et al., 2003), T-lymphocytes (Huet et al., 2006; Nieminen et al., 2006), endothelial cells, specifically in tumor tissue (van Beijnum et al., 2006), and endothelial venules of lymph nodes (Xu et al., 2004), among others. Vimentin plays a role in situations such as tumor development and progression (reviewed in Brabletz et al., 2005; Gilles et al., 2003; Kokkinos et al., 2007).
The Cell as an Inspiration in Biomaterial Design
Published in Heather N. Hayenga, Helim Aranda-Espinoza, Biomaterial Mechanics, 2017
Helim Aranda-Espinoza, Katrina Adlerz
All vertebrates have intermediate filaments, although they are most prominent in cells that have to withstand high mechanical stresses. They play an important role in imparting mechanical strength to cells and tissues. Compared to actin and microtubules, the other major components of the cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments have more diversity. Instead of being made up of one type of protein, there are many different monomers that can make up intermediate filaments, and the composition depends on the cell type. For example, keratin monomers form the intermediate filaments found in human epithelial cells, and the cross-linked keratin networks give strength to hair and nails. Vimentin filaments are a second type of intermediate filament that are found in mesenchymal cells and help anchor organelles in the cytosol and maintain cell integrity. A third example of intermediate filaments is neurofilaments that are found along axons and provide structural support to the axon [2]. Neurofilaments are made up of three subunit proteins classified by their molecular weight: low, medium, and high. The subunits have the same basic structure but the lengths of their sidearms differ. The low molecular weight subunit has the shortest sidearm, and the high molecular weight subunit has the longest. These sidearms are thought to mediate the spacing between filaments. Overaccumulation of neurofilaments can block the transport of proteins down the axon and is seen in diseases like dementia, Parkinson’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [43].
Atmospheric fine particulate matter and epithelial mesenchymal transition in pulmonary cells: state of the art and critical review of the in vitro studies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Margaux Cochard, Frédéric Ledoux, Yann Landkocz
Mesenchymal markers were studied more comprehensively. An elevation in N-cadherin expression was correlated with drug resistance, more specifically EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in NSCLC (Zhang et al. 2013), but drug resistance as a consequence of EMT was since challenged (Yang et al. 2020). Still, N-cadherin might serve as a possible biomarker for EMT. Cadherin 11, also called OB-cadherin, is aberrantly expressed in malignant cells which display an invasive and metastatic phenotype, leading to fibrosis (Agarwal 2014). Expression of vimentin, a widely studied biomarker, was significantly increased in 49% of NSCLC patients, associated with metastasis and a poor overall survival prognosis (Dauphin et al. 2013; Tadokoro et al. 2016). Ancel et al. (2019) examined a combination of vimentin and the inhibitory checkpoint marker PDL-1 to enable detection of the most advanced cases and worst outcomes in NSCLC. Surface markers such as integrins were reviewed and among these αVβ6, α3β1 and α5β1 which are overexpressed in NSCLC patients stand out as possible clinical biomarkers (Agarwal 2014; Aksorn and Chanvorachote 2019).
Improved mechanical properties by modifying fibrin scaffold with PCL and its biocompatibility evaluation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Lei Yang, Xiafei Li, Dongmei Wang, Songfeng Mu, Wenhao Lv, Yongwei Hao, Xiaosheng Lu, Guojiang Zhang, Wenbin Nan, Hongli Chen, Liqin Xie, Yongjun Zhang, Yuzhen Dong, Qiqing Zhang, Liang Zhao
MSCs proliferation were the better state of MSCs when it was synthesized. In the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the secretion and growth of MSCs are also very important to it, for example, degraded scaffolds are replaced by collagen. Since then, when MSCs do not proliferate or contractile, it is beneficial to vasoconstriction state. Hence, we monitored the specificity of MSCs and ECM markers in 6 days. After MSCs were cocultured with PCL/fibrin scaffold extract for 3 days, the expression of collagen, survivin and CD105 genes decreased obviously (Figure 4(C)). However, there was no significant difference in MSCs gene expression at day 6 compared to control group (Figure 4(C)). Collagen was the main component of ECM, which plays an important role in cell growth [32]. However, the low expression of collagen in PCL/fibrin scaffolds was attributable to the fact that PCL hindered the secretion of ECM. Survivin belongs to inhibitor of apoptosis protein, which can regulate cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis. In addition, survivin gene can be fully expressed in MSCs. Vimentin is one of key structure genes of MSCs, which maintains the integrity and stability of the cytoskeleton. CD105 was commonly one of MSCs upper surface markers. The expression of CD105 in MSCs cultured with scaffolds showed that not only the cells had good compatibility with scaffolds, but also the immunophenotype of MSC was maintained in scaffold culture.
A human pericardium biopolymeric scaffold for autologous heart valve tissue engineering: cellular and extracellular matrix structure and biomechanical properties in comparison with a normal aortic heart valve
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Frantisek Straka, David Schornik, Jaroslav Masin, Elena Filova, Tomas Mirejovsky, Zuzana Burdikova, Zdenek Svindrych, Hynek Chlup, Lukas Horny, Matej Daniel, Jiri Machac, Jelena Skibová, Jan Pirk, Lucie Bacakova
The surface parts of the HP and the NAV had different cellular structures [Figures 2, 3a and 3b]. Mesothelial cells with microvilli, which secrete the pericardial fluid that lubricates the surface of the pericardial cavity, formed a monolayer of flattened squamous-like epithelial cells. These cells were observed on the surface of the inner layer of the serous pericardium, and lined the pericardial sac. These cells rest on a thin basement membrane supported by dense connective tissue, and were stained positive for cytoskeletal proteins vimentin (a type III intermediate filament protein), α-SMA and β-catenin (a part of a protein complex that creates adherens junctions that are important for maintaining epithelial cell tissue layers and barriers). However, the mesothelial cells were negative for the CD31 endothelial cell marker. Adipose tissue with capillaries composed of endothelial cells that stained positively for CD31 and beta-catenin was present on the outer side of the fibrous HP. The NAV leaflets were covered with valvular endothelial cells (VECs), which were positively stained for CD31 and β-catenin and negatively stained for vimentin and α-SMA.