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Introduction
Published in Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty, Brain Computer Interface, 2022
Narayan Panigrahi, Saraju P. Mohanty
In contrast, fMRI has high spatial resolution and a comprehensive coverage of the whole brain. Conventional BOLD fMRI has a typical spatial resolution of 3–6 mm; high-resolution fMRI can reach about 1 mm spatial resolution at the expense of whole-brain coverage. fMRI is sensitive to the BOLD signals from both the cortical surface and deep brain structures. The only limiting factor for coverage is susceptibility artifacts in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and temporal poles. This problem has been partly resolved by some newly developed scanning sequences, or by using contrast fMRI and perfusion MRI. The major limitation of fMRI is its temporal resolution because the BOLD response is very slow. Moreover, the BOLD signal is only an indirect measure of neuronal activity, and is therefore susceptible to influence by many physiological activities of the body that are unrelated to neuronal processes.
Applications of imaging genomics beyond oncology
Published in Ruijiang Li, Lei Xing, Sandy Napel, Daniel L. Rubin, Radiomics and Radiogenomics, 2019
Xiaohui Yao, Jingwen Yan, Li Shen
Compared to amygdala, there is very limited work investigating the effect of 5-HTTLPR on prefrontal cortical function in MDD patients and existing findings of their associations are mostly ambiguous. Friedel et al. observed a strong association of the s-alleles with the increased activation in ventromedial prefrontal cortex during the processing of negatively valenced images [169]. This association was only identified in non-depressed individuals, but not in individuals with MDD. However, another study failed to confirm this association, but observed an opposite pattern where MDD patients carrying s-allele showed high resting-state activity in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex [166]. It is postulated that this inconsistency may due to the medication effect since the participants in the later study have been treated with medications while those in the first one are not [170].
Systems Neuroscience Approaches to Measure Brain Mechanisms Underlying Resilience—Towards Optimizing Performance
Published in Steven Kornguth, Rebecca Steinberg, Michael D. Matthews, Neurocognitive and Physiological Factors During High-Tempo Operations, 2018
Martin P. Paulus, Alan N. Simmons, Eric G. Potterat, Karl F. Van Orden, Judith L. Swain
Similarly, there was no significant effect of gender (p = 0.71). Moreover, when examining the different face types (anger, fear, or happy), there was a trend in resiliency by face-type interaction (F(2,22) = 3.365, p = 0.053). Specifically, processing a greater level of resilience was associated with greater activation in this area when presented with angry faces in particular. Third, the right amygdala showed a significant positive relationship between the amount of activation during emotion face processing and levels of resilience (Figure 10.3, F(2,23) = 4.79, p = 0.018, r2 = 0.294). Similarly, there was no significant effect of gender (p = 0.85). Moreover, when examining the different face types (anger, fear, or happy), there was no resiliency by face-type interaction (F(2,22) = 1.852, p = 0.181). Thus, similar to the findings in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, greater resiliency was associated with attenuated activation in the amygdala irrespective of the face type.
The Neurostructure of Morality and the Hubris of Memory Manipulation
Published in The New Bioethics, 2018
The brain region associated with moral reasoning and decision making is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). This region is primarily associated with cognition, but it reaches to other cortical and subcortical regions mediating emotions, which in turn project to the VMPFC. Interaction between these neural pathways facilitates the cognitive and affective processes responsible for deliberating and making rational moral decisions (Suhler and Churchland 2011, pp. 33–58). Insofar as the VMPFC is vital for decision making, and both cognitive and emotional systems are active within the VMPFC, it follows that decision making is both a cognitive and emotional process.