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Transcranial Magnetic and Electric Stimulation
Published in Ben Greenebaum, Frank Barnes, Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields, 2018
Shoogo Ueno, Masaki Sekino, Tsukasa Shigemitsu
Current evidence is that major depression is associated with prefrontal cortex asymmetry (Lin, 2016). The efficiency of rTMS treatment for depression is related to high-frequency simulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, the effect of rTMS in healthy subjects is still unclear. Moulier et al. (2016) determined the impact of ten sessions of high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS with Magstim Super Rapid stimulator applied to the DLPFC on mood and emotion recognition in healthy subjects (right-handed volunteers aged 18–65 years old). The TMS coil was positioned on the left DLPFC through neuronavigation. This study was conducted as a two-arm double-blind randomized trial. Twenty healthy right-handed subjects with aged between 18 and 65 years old were randomly assigned to an active rTMS-treated group (n = 10) or a sham-treated group (n = 10). The delivery parameters were as follows: twenty-five 8 s trains of 10 Hz; 30 s intertrain intervals; 2,000 pulses/session. In total, 10 rTMS sessions were programmed every workday for 2 weeks. In conclusion, this study did not show any deleterious effect on mood and emotion recognition of 10 rTMS sessions applied on DLPFC in healthy subjects. Compared to sham-treated group, the active rTMS-treated group presented a significant improvement in their adaptation to daily life.
Attention Selection and Multitasking in Everyday Driving: A Conceptual Model
Published in Michael A. Regan, John D. Lee, Trent W. Victor, Driver Distraction and Inattention, 2013
Johan Engström, Trent Victor, Gustav Markkula
In routine driving situations, the schema selection mechanism described above runs more or less automatically, based on reflexive (bottom-up) or habitual (top-down) selection. Thus, the strongest schemata, and/or the schemata most strongly associated with value, will always win the competition. This will lead to stereotyped behaviour which is effective in routine situations but insufficient to deal with novel or inherently difficult situations where the relevant schemata may be too weak and/or the task requires a flexible switching between schemata. This implies the need for a top-down “force” that can bias the schema selection in a certain direction when required by task goals and demands (deliberation in terms of Trick and Enns’ 2009 framework). Moreover, a more general boost of schema activation and/or sensitivity might be needed to facilitate bottom-up selection of weaker stimuli (exploration).5 This is the key role of cognitive control, a brain function mainly subserved by the pre-frontal cortex (Miller and Cohen 2001). The deployment of cognitive control generally requires effort and is accessible to conscious awareness. Thus, actions driven by cognitive control may be viewed as “willed”, as opposed to those triggered by the schema system alone (Norman and Shallice 1986).
Transform Pain to Purpose
Published in Payal Nanjiani, Achieve Unstoppable Success in Any Economy, 2020
I had an opportunity to sit across the table and talk with Dr. Senthil Radhakrishnan, the Administrative Chief and Clinical Neurosurgical PA from the Department of Neurosurgery at Duke Hospital and a Guest Lecturer at the Duke PA Program. I asked him what happens to the brain when emotional pain builds up. He said emotional pain, if prolonged for more than three months, can manifest itself as chronic physical pain and can lead to depression. Emotional pain can mimic the effects of chronic pain and depression and cause structural changes in the brain, especially the areas responsible for memory, mood, and executive functions. This stress can interrupt neurotransmitters in the hippocampus and prevent formation of new neurons, thereby causing a shrinking of the hippocampus. Lack of new neurons impedes memory, learning, and dealing with those emotions, thus creating a vicious cycle. Brain MRIs of people dealing with chronic pain when compared to healthy individuals reveal a smaller hippocampus. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is crucial for learning and memory. On the other hand, the amygdala, the tight cluster of nuclei located deep in the brain on either side of the medial temporal lobe, is part of the limbic system and plays a vital role in processing emotion and memory—especially memories associated with fear, anxiety, and motivation. Persistent emotional pain causes hyperactivity in the amygdala and even hypertrophy of the amygdala. Hypertrophied amygdala can cause anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Finally, the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for several functions including regulating emotions and decision making, may atrophy with persistent emotional pain and depression.
How to Provide Feedback? The Role of Robot’s Language and Feedback Framework
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2023
Hanjing Huang, Pei-Luen Patrick Rau
Uncovering the neural basis of emotion is essential for understanding of the emotional mechanisms. Among emotion-related brain systems, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is generally considered to be primarily involved in regulating the basic emotional processes occurring in subcortical and brainstem regions (Barbas, 2000; Dixon & Christoff, 2014; Ochsner & Gross, 2014; Sharpe & Schoenbaum, 2016). PFC makes a critical contribution to the flexible regulation of emotional responses and goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) in the PFC is usually involved in studies of emotion (Lindquist et al., 2016) and value-based decision making (Bartra et al., 2013; Clithero & Rangel, 2014; Smith et al., 2010). Previous research has found that rmPFC activation is modulated by the receipt of valenced feedback from others about receivers’ personality (Izuma et al., 2008; Somerville et al., 2010). The ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in the PFC has also been found to be related to attaching verbal labels to emotions (Lieberman, 2007). In addition, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) area in the PFC is known to participate in executive functions and attentional control of emotion (Kuusinen et al., 2018; Rolls et al., 2020).
Transcranial direct current stimulation and repeated sprint ability: No effect on sprint performance or ratings of perceived exertion
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Carlos Alix-Fages, Salvador Romero-Arenas, Giancarlo Calderón-Nadal, Agustín Jerez-Martínez, Fernando Pareja-Blanco, David Colomer-Poveda, Gonzalo Márquez, Amador Garcia-Ramos
However, it is also known that the capacity to sustain high-intensity exercise may not only rely on the individual “physical” capacity (Hagger, Wood, Stiff, & Chatzisarantis, 2010). Some cognitive functions, such as the inhibitory control, play an important role in the regulation of strenuous physical tasks (Hagger et al., 2010). In this regard, it has been proposed that unpleasant sensations typically experienced during intense exercise such as muscle pain or dyspnoea are inhibited by means of this cognitive function (inhibitory control) (Hagger et al., 2010). Accordingly, recent neuroimaging studies have linked the activation of the prefrontal cortex with the inhibitory control when tested using go/no-go or similar paradigms (Diamond, 2013). Furthermore, prefrontal cortex has been suggested to be involved in the final decisions made to stop a physical strenuous task, playing a decisive role in the fatigability processes (Robertson et al., 2016). Recent evidence demonstrated that altering the excitability of the prefrontal cortex by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects a wide variety of cognitive functions including the inhibitory control (Khalil, Karim, Kondinska, & Godde, 2020). Besides, not only cognitive, but also physical performance has been enhanced while reducing the perceived exertion after the application of tDCS over the prefrontal cortex (Alix-Fages et al., 2020; Angius, Santarnecchi, Pascual-Leone, & Marcora, 2019; Lattari et al., 2016).
Coupling neuroscience and driving simulation: A systematic review of studies on crash-risk behaviors in young drivers
Published in Traffic Injury Prevention, 2021
Barbara C. Banz, Denise Hersey, Federico E. Vaca
It is well established that the brain is still undergoing critical development during adolescence and young adulthood. For example, the prefrontal cortex is one of the last regions to reach full maturation since it does not reach maturity until the age of 25 (Casey et al. 2008). However, the prefrontal cortex is responsible for cognitive and executive functioning such as, decision-making, impulse/inhibitory control, attention, reward, and many other functions which are necessary for driving (Walshe et al. 2017). Additionally, the natural imbalances between the maturation of subcortical structures and the prefrontal cortex have common behavioral presentations, specifically difficulties in decision-making during adolescence and young adulthood (Casey et al. 2011). Therefore, it is difficult for youth to make sound and rational decisions in situations that may be dangerous or risky. This has implications for the safety of adolescents and young adults during the periods of learning to drive and novice driving. In the context of driving, youth are exposed to and are more susceptible to risky behaviors ranging from driving behaviors (i.e., speeding, headway control) to the influence of peers while driving (Fell et al. 2011; Pradhan et al. 2014; Ross et al. 2014; Bingham et al. 2016). Therefore, bridging neuroscience methods with driving simulation studies allows researchers to build a multidisciplinary perspective of how brain maturation translates and shapes driving behaviors (Banz et al. 2019).