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Advances in Portable Neuroimaging and Their Effect on Novel Therapies
Published in Yu Chen, Babak Kateb, Neurophotonics and Brain Mapping, 2017
Eric M. Bailey, Ibrahim Bechwati, Sonal Ambwani, Matthew Dickman, Joseph Fonte, Geethika Weliwitigoda
The standard for intrahospital transport is to provide the same level of care and intervention that are available in the ICU. Transporting a patient to and from the ICU is a common procedure, yet very risky especially for sicker patients. Patient may need to leave the ICU for regular therapeutic treatment or in response to an emergency situation such as a quick decline in the current medical status. Outside the ICU, critically ill patients will be exposed to clinically unsafe environment, for example, hallways and waiting room. The average time a patient spent outside the ICU is 62–95 minutes where the time range is 20–225 minutes (Stevenson and Hass 2002). The transport time of 157 patients were recorded, the average transport time was 47 minutes with transport time ranging from 20 to 204 minutes (Peace and Maloney-Wilensky, 2011). Intrahospital transport was the subject of several medical studies between 1999 and 2009 (Day, 2010) . These studies showed that some 60%–70% of the patients suffered complications during transports. Adverse events resulting from mishaps during patient transports include airway obstructions, respiratory arrest, hospital-acquired infections, cardiac arrest, bleeding, and finally disability related to neurological events such as increased intracranial pressure (ICP) or spinal cord destabilization. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a leading cause of death from hospital-acquired infections, with estimated mortality rates between 20% and 70%. Intrahospital transport is shown to increase the risk of acquiring VAP, a study by Bercault et al. Nicolas Bercault (2005) shows that 26% of patients who underwent an intrahospital transport have suffered from VAP, while only 10% of nontransported patients have suffered from VAP. A clinical study by Swanson and Mascitelli (2010) showed that the brain oxygen level is decreased in 54% of patients that underwent transport from the neurointensive care unit (NICU). Studies showed that sicker patients are at higher risks during transports; however, sicker patients are the most likely to require transports out of the ICU. Some studies also linked longer stays in the ICU to intrahospital stays (Day, 2010). Masaryk et al. state that 13% morbidity is associated with transporting critically ill patients (Thomas Masaryk, 2008). Intrahospital transportation, especially to and from the ICU, can be very hazardous to critically ill patients. Transporting patients out of the ICU may require disconnection from a ventilator which may aggravate the respiratory function of intubated patients.
DNA-interaction studies of a copper(II) complex containing ceftobiprole drug using molecular modeling and multispectroscopic methods
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Nahid Shahabadi, Soraya Moradi Fili
Since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming and its introduction into general medical practice in the 1940s, β-lactam compounds have become one of the three largest classes of antibiotics. They comprise more than half of the antibiotics used worldwide for the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases. These antibiotics represent a broad class of polar hydrophilic compounds containing a β-lactam ring. They act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptide glycan layer of the bacterial cell wall, thereby impairing the structural integrity of the cell. Subsequent drug discovery and development has produced more β-lactam antibiotics, which are, at present, divided into four groups based on their chemical structures: penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams [2, 3]. Ceftobiprole (Zevtera/Mabelio) is a new 5th-generation cephalosporin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia) and community-acquired pneumonia. Like other cephalosporins, ceftobiprole exerts its antibacterial activity by binding to important penicillin-binding proteins and inhibiting their transpeptidase activity which is essential for the synthesis of bacterial cell walls [4, 5].