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Electrophysiology
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The cardiopulmonary system consists of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from the tissues in the human body (Humphrey & McCulloch, 2003; Alberts et al., 1994). Blood is transported from the heart through the arteries and the veins transport blood back to the heart. The heart consists of two chambers on the top (right ventricle and left ventricle) and two chambers on the bottom (right atrium and left atrium). The atrioventricular valves separates the atria from the ventricles. Tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, pulmonary valve situates between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lung and aortic valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta which carries blood to the body (Bronzino, 2000). Figure 3.9 shows the schematic diagram of heart circulation and there are two components of blood circulation in the system, namely, pulmonary and systemic circulation (Humphrey, 2002; Opie, 1998; Milnor, 1990). In pulmonary circulation, pulmonary artery transports blood from heart to the lungs. The blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide at the lungs. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. In the systemic circulation, aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the other parts of the body through capillaries. The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body to the heart.
Tissue Structure and Function
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Veins are elastic vessels that transport deoxygenated blood from tissues to the heart, ranging in size from 1 millimeter to 11.5 centimeters in diameter. Venules are the smallest veins in the body. They receive blood from the arteries via the arterioles and capillaries. The venules branch into larger veins, which eventually carry the blood to the largest vein in the body, the vena cava. The blood is then transported from the vena cava to the right atrium of the heart.
Numerical simulation and in vitro experimental study of thrombus capture efficiency of a new retrievable vena cava filter
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Haiquan Feng, Changsheng Li, Haoxiang Feng
Pulmonary embolism has become the third major cardiovascular disease following the coronary disease and the cerebrovascular disease. The mortality rate of pulmonary embolism is relatively high, with 95% being caused by thrombus originating from deep veins of lower extremity and pelvic veins (Chen and Hanwei, 2017). Vena cava filter is a mechanical filter device to prevent pulmonary embolism. The ascending thrombus from the lower extremity and pelvic venous system can be intercepted by physical means, thereby preventing the occurrence of fatal pulmonary embolism (Alain et al., 2012). The vena cava filter is placed in the inferior vena cava, and fixed in the blood vessel through a support. The reflux blood is filtered by the filter wire and filter column to capture the floating embolism in the blood, thereby preventing pulmonary embolism (Dria and Eggers, 2016). The vena cava filter is implanted into the inferior vena cava of the human body through a delivery system. The surgery is simple, safe and minimally invasive, and serves as the main method for preventing and treating pulmonary embolism in addition to thro mbolysis and anticoagulation (Christoph et al., 2009). However, when a filter is implanted into vessels, it will have a certain impact on the blood vessel wall and blood flow, resulting in short-term or long-term complications. Therefore, an ideal filter should feature excellent thrombus capture efficiency, satisfactory biocompatibility and nuclear magnetic compatibility while having relatively low interference to the blood flow.
Physico-mathematics and the life sciences: experiencing the mechanism of venous return, 1650s–1680s
Published in Annals of Science, 2022
In his original work on the circulation of the blood, William Harvey argued that the main driver for the circulation was the pulsation of the heart.42 Writing about blood flow in the veins, Harvey said that the motion of the heart’s ventricles is ‘sufficient for the distribution of blood throughout the whole body and for its drawing forth from the vena cava’.43 Thus, for Harvey, the pulsation of the heart alone was sufficient to pull the blood out of the vena cava. The vena cava is the largest vein in the body to which all other veins converge.44 Yet, Harvey was silent on the actual flow inside of it.