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Mechanical Effects of Cardiovascular Drugs and Devices
Published in Michel R. Labrosse, Cardiovascular Mechanics, 2018
Vascular implants include devices delivered by catheter, as well as traditional surgery. One of the least invasive of the catheter-delivered devices is the intravascular blood filter. A cardiovascular intravascular filter is an implant that is placed in the inferior vena cava (IVC), primarily for preventing thromboemboli from flowing into the right side of the heart and pulmonary circulation. These devices are usually deployed in patients with documented deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot in the legs that is formed mostly by immobility. Parts of this thrombus can break off and travel up the IVC, the main vessel that drains blood from the legs to the heart. The blood clot will travel through the IVC and into the heart. If the clot reaches the heart, it will pass into and lodge in a branch of the pulmonary artery, the main vessel that supplies blood to the lungs. If this happens, the lung tissue begins to die, which can result in death. The IVC filters are also placed in patients who exhibit other complications with the normal anticoagulation-based approach to DVT and for patients with a high risk of DVT, leading to pulmonary embolism (PE), including trauma and surgical procedures of the lower abdomen.
General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The abdominal wall may show thermological changes independent of the organs underneath. Large injuries or chronic small injuries such as insulin injections can affect the abdominal wall (Figure 10.63a). Veins of the abdominal wall above the umbilicus generally flow cranially; veins below the umbilicus flow caudally. Antero-lateral abdominal veins are rare thermographic findings, but may be seen if inferior vena cava obstruction is present.170
Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging: the liver has a blood supply that differs from other organs, in that arterial blood from the hepatic artery supplies 20–25% while the portal vein delivers the remaining 75–80%. Blood drains via the hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava (IVC).
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
A histological image of the liver tissue cross-section is shown in Figure 1b. The liver tissue consists of about a half to one million small units named lobules. Each lobule usually has a six-sided cross-section structure with 0.5 to width and 1 to length, which itself is composed of millions of basic metabolic cells called hepatocytes (hepatic cells) (Krstic 2013; Rezania et al. 2013). There is a vein located at the centre of each lobule, named as centrilobular or central vein, that carries blood out from the liver lobule (Figure 1(c and d)). At the vertices of each liver lobule, there exists a set of terminal vessels named Portal Tract (PT) or portal triad (Ricken et al. 2018). The blood is directed from portal tracts to the lobule centre through a sinusoid which is a small blood vessel of the open pore capillary type (Figure 1(d)). There is a hepatic portal capillary and a hepatic artery capillary that their streams are mixed across the sinusoid. The mixed blood flows towards the central vein joining to the main right, middle, and left hepatic veins and finally move towards the heart through the inferior vena cava (Rouiller 2013) (Figure 1(a)). As shown in Figure 1(d), there is also a set of Bile Ductules (BD) at the lobule vertices removing the produced bile from the lobule via a set of the bile canaliculi (or bile capillaries), in the opposite direction of the blood flow. The produced bile flows along the bile ductules to reach the gallbladder (Figure 1(a)).
Amplatzer patent foramen ovale occluder: safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Raouf Madhkour, Andreas Wahl, Fabien Praz, Bernhard Meier
The choice of the device size should be made according to the thickness of the septum secundum (SS, cranial part of interatrial septum) as well as the presence and extent of an atrial septal aneurysm (ASA). The length of the PFO tunnel is of little importance. The SS is best seen by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) using a short axis view cutting the aortic root. The long axis bicaval view (a misnomer as it shows the superior vena cava to the right and the coronary sinus to the left but not the inferior vena cava) can also be used. The 25 mm Amplatzer PFO Occluder fits PFOs without thick SS or ASA. In the presence of one or both of these features (about 10–20%), a larger device (preferably the 35 mm Amplatzer PFO Occluder, or a 30 mm Amplatzer Cribriform Occluder with twin 30 mm disks, initially designed for cribriform atrial septal defects) is recommended [14]. The presence of a long tunnel, a small exit hole, or an ASA remote from the PFO may obviate the need for a larger occluder.
Inhibition of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-induced endocrine disruption by co-treatment of vitamins C and E and their mechanism of action
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2018
Seul Min Choi, Duck Soo Lim, Min Kook Kim, Sungpil Yoon, Sam Kacew, Hyung Sik Kim, Byung-Mu Lee
Groups of animals (eight animals/group) were treated daily (five times/week) for 30 days (Table 1). DEHP dissolved in corn oil was administered orally at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day and an equivalent amount of corn oil was given to one group of animals in an identical manner to serve as a control. Vitamin C was injected intraperitoneally to separate groups of rats in two doses, at human equivalent therapeutic dose (10 mg/kg body weight) and fivefold (50 mg/kg body weight) doses. Vitamin E was administered to animals at a dose of 40 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg body weight. Rats were weighed and then sacrificed by ether anesthesia at the scheduled termination. Blood was collected from the inferior vena cava and collected in heparinized tubes. Then plasma was separated by centrifugation at 2,500 g and stored at −80 C for further measurements. Testes were rapidly excised, weighed, placed in ice-cold saline, and then stored at −80 C.