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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
The anterior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and urinary bladder (Figure 10.62). The posterior abdomen contains the pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and the great vessels (aorta, inferior vena cava, and cisterna chyli). Due to overlying structures, these posterior organs are rarely seen thermographically, though pyelonephritis may cause warmth near the costovertebral angle.168 The anterior abdominal wall contains muscular and adipose layers that may obscure conducted heat or nitric oxide emitted from intestinal pathology, thus the stomach and intestines are rarely visible in thermal images unless markedly inflamed. Usually, the umbilicus provides a “thermal window” in the anterior abdominal wall through which the internal abdominal temperature can be approximated, though obesity or an umbilical hernia may obstruct this view.
Automatic Segmentation of Cardiac Substructures for Radiation Oncology Applications
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Jinzhong Yang, Rongrong Zhou, Yangkun Luo, Zhongxing Liao
The 12 cardiac atlases were used in MACS to delineate 11 cardiac substructures automatically for the remaining 49 NSCLC patients in the second patient group. The 11 cardiac substructures included the whole heart, the four heart chambers (left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, and right ventricle), and the six great vessels (the ascending aorta, descending aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein). The coronary arteries were not included because we found that it is not possible to auto-segment them from noncontrast CT images in the atlas validation. The auto-segmented contours were then modified jointly by two experienced radiation oncologists who followed the contouring guidelines from RTOG 1106 [20] and a published consensus guideline on cardiac atlas contouring [21].
Automated Biventricular Cardiovascular Modelling from MRI for Big Heart Data Analysis
Published in Ervin Sejdić, Tiago H. Falk, Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Biomedical Big Data, 2018
Kathleen Gilbert, Xingyu Zhang, Beau Pontré, Avan Suinesiaputra, Pau Medrano-Gracia, Alistair Young
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect occurring in 75 out of every 1000 births [62], with moderate to severe malformations affecting 6 out of every 1000 infants [63,64]. Some defects are life-threatening and need immediate surgical treatment following birth. Improved diagnosis and treatment of CHD mean that the population of adult CHD patients is growing at approximately 5% per year and is now larger than the pediatric population [65]. Many of these patients, particularly those with tetralogy of Fallot, functional single right ventricle and transposition of the great vessels, are at risk of RV dilatation and dysfunction with associated morbidity and mortality. RV function measurement is an important prognostic marker, and RV size and function indices are used as indications for intervention [66]. These patients must be imaged repeatedly to determine the progression of remodelling. However, the quantitative assessment of changes in shape and function is problematic in CHD, largely because there is no detailed map of normal and abnormal hearts for comparison [67]. Recent model-based analysis of RV shape identified increased eccentricity and decreased systolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension [68]. Another recent statistical shape analysis in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients finds correlation of RV dilatation, outflow tract bulging and apical dilatation with the presence of pulmonary regurgitation [69].
Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement in pediatric patients
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Wail Alkashkari, Saad Albugami, Mosa Abbadi, Akram Niyazi, Amani Alsubei, Ziyadi M. Hijazi
CHD is the most common of all congenital defects. Almost 1% of live births are affected. Twenty percent of the newborns with CHD have anomalies affecting the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), such as tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with or without pulmonary atresia, truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great vessels, common arterial trunk, and others [1]. Additionally, RVOT abnormalities are introduced after both the Ross Procedure, used for the correction of congenital aortic valve disease, and after surgical correction of complex transposition of the great arteries. Improvements in surgical techniques have substantially enhanced short- and long-term outcomes in this patient cohort over the last decades. Nowadays, over 90% of affected children will reach adulthood [2,3]. Early surgical management for dysfunctional RVOT includes valvuloplasty, trans-annular patch (TAP) with surgical valvotomy, valved conduit placement between the right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA) or bioprosthetic valve placement (BPV).
Pediatric ventricular assist devices: what are the key considerations and requirements?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Roland Hetzer, Mariano Francisco del Maria Javier, Eva Maria Javier Delmo
The Berlin Heart EXCOR® Pediatric is an extracorporeal, pneumatically driven pulsatile pump system in various sizes (10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 60, 80 ml pumps) with percutaneous blood-containing silicone cannulae, connected to the atria, left ventricular apex and the great vessels inside the chest with the pump being outside the chest. The stationary driving unit (IKUS) is used in all pumps, when driving pressures >250 mmHg is required. In all other cases, the EXCOR® mobile driving unit (Berlin Heart AG, Berlin, Germany) is used, especially in older children who are discharged home. The pumps are made of solid polyurethane chamber with a three-layer membrane fixed to one side of the chamber and highly mobile on the other side. This configuration forms an air-free blood-containing sac.
Integrated 3D anatomical model for automatic myocardial segmentation in cardiac CT imagery
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering: Imaging & Visualization, 2019
N. Dahiya, A. Yezzi, M. Piccinelli, E. Garcia
To overcome the shortcomings of the image acquisition process and inherent complexity of the heart anatomy, many different classes of techniques have been proposed over the years to aid diagnosis and prognosis of cardiac diseases in various imaging modalities and data acquisition protocols. Model-based segmentation methods have become particularly prominent in literature, and many different formulations have been proposed with many including some form of weak or strong shape prior. Active shape– and appearance models–based (Cootes and Taylor 1992, 1998; Cootes et al. 1995, 2001) techniques have been very influential in the field of medical image processing and have been used for both LV and RV segmentation (Mitchell et al. 2001; van Assen et al. 2006, 2008). A further enhancement of model-based techniques is in using deformable models (Weese et al. 2001) which provide additional flexibility by allowing the models to freely deform in response to local image features while restraining the global shape. Ecabert et al. (2008) used this technique to present a model-based approach for fully automatic segmentation of the whole heart (four chambers, myocardium (Myo) and great vessels) in cardiac CT imagery. Their model consisted of multi-compartment triangulated mesh of vertices and triangles. The authors used a 3D Global Hough Transform for whole heart initialisation and estimated global pose using similarity transformations. This model was then allowed to adapt to local individual patient anatomy using shape-constrained deformable models.