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Electrophysiology
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The cardiopulmonary system consists of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from the tissues in the human body (Humphrey & McCulloch, 2003; Alberts et al., 1994). Blood is transported from the heart through the arteries and the veins transport blood back to the heart. The heart consists of two chambers on the top (right ventricle and left ventricle) and two chambers on the bottom (right atrium and left atrium). The atrioventricular valves separates the atria from the ventricles. Tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, pulmonary valve situates between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lung and aortic valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta which carries blood to the body (Bronzino, 2000). Figure 3.9 shows the schematic diagram of heart circulation and there are two components of blood circulation in the system, namely, pulmonary and systemic circulation (Humphrey, 2002; Opie, 1998; Milnor, 1990). In pulmonary circulation, pulmonary artery transports blood from heart to the lungs. The blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide at the lungs. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. In the systemic circulation, aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the other parts of the body through capillaries. The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body to the heart.
Respiratory system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Multidetector CT angiography of the pulmonary artery is now widely accepted as the non-invasive investigation of choice for the diagnosis of PE. In addition, CTPA may also be used in the diagnostic algorithm for pre-bronchial artery embolisation and thoracic malignancies [34; 36].
Hypertension and Correlation to Cerebrovascular Change: A Brief Overview
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Heba Kandil, Dawn Sosnin, Ali Mahmoud, Ahmed Shalaby, Ahmed Soliman, Adel Elmaghraby, Jasjit S. Suri, Guruprasad Giridharan, Ayman El-Baz
Tomography is a technique for creating a three-dimensional image using cross-sectional X-ray images. X-rays are high-energy short-wavelength electromagnetic waves (high-energy radiation) that pass through the body. X-rays readily pass through soft tissues (grey matter), while denser anatomical structures (e.g., bones) block X-rays. The X-ray attenuation due to structures in the body can be captured using sensors. Computed tomography (CT) or computed axial tomography (CAT) scans use cross-sectional X-rays taken from multiple angles to form medical images of the body. The CT scans are typically focused on one area of interest such as the head (Figure 16.1) or the chest. CT has been used to detect pulmonary hypertension and mean pulmonary artery pressure by measuring and analyzing diameters of pulmonary arteries noninvasively [22]. Electron beam CT (Ultrafast CT) has been used to detect coronary artery disease by detecting calcium deposits in coronary arteries [23]. Although CT images provide 3-D anatomical information and preserve topology, they cause radiation exposure.
Epigenotoxicity: a danger to the future life
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Farzaneh Kefayati, Atoosa Karimi Babaahmadi, Taraneh Mousavi, Mahshid Hodjat, Mohammad Abdollahi
Abnormal and excessive blood pressure in the pulmonary artery causes PHD, eventually leading to right ventricular dysfunction. In recent decades, the importance of epigenetic therapy mediated by DNA methylation alterations and histone modifications has been highlighted in treating lung disease. Using di-methyltransferase SUV4-20H1, knockout mouse caused a PHD phenotype that further confirm the role of histone methyltransferase in the etiology of this disease. The methyl-CpG-binding domain protein family, is a regulatory factor in DNA methylation that was shown to increase in expression in PHD patients’ pulmonary arteries, cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed rat models’ pulmonary arteries, and human pulmonary artery cells exposed to CS, indicating the role of epigenetic modulator in CS-induced PHD. Indeed, epigenetic factors play an essential role in the elevation of blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries (Table 2).[11] According to the previous research, there is a substantial decrease in histone modification of H4K20me2/3 in human patients with COPD, unlike patients with PHD that makes them responsive to epigenetic drug effect.[171] The methylation of H4K20me2/3 was attributed to the activity of the H4K20 di-methyltransferase SUV4-20H1. Smoking or exposure to environmental CS significantly alters gene methylation in COPD-related diseases, especially PHD. One of the regulatory factors of DNA methylation is the methyl-CpG-binding domain protein family (MBD). The MBD2 protein is a factor of the MBD protein family, which acts as a reader in DNA methylation. MBD2 can intervene in transcriptional repression or activation by merging methylated DNA or collecting proteins to form a suppressive combination.[172]