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Respiratory system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Entering each lung at its root is the main bronchus, which divides upon entering the lung at the hilum to form the bronchial tree. The pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins associated with each lung are also found at the root, enclosed by pleura. The pulmonary artery divides into many branches, accompanying the bronchial tree to convey systemic venous blood to pulmonary capillaries that are associated with the alveoli. Pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the alveoli to the left atrium of the heart. Each lung is divided into a number of segments (10 or 8). Each segment is further subdivided into lobules that make up the lung parenchyma. Lobules vary in size and are closely connected together by interlobular areolar tissue. Each lobule is composed of one of the ramifications of a bronchiole and its terminal air sacs, called alveoli, and minute branches of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary capillaries and veins (Figs 4.10a–c).
Numerical study on the injury mechanism of blunt aortic rupture of the occupant in frontal and side-impact
Published in International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2023
Fang Tong, FengChong Lan, JiQing Chen, DongRi Li, Xiong Li
The occupant FE model used in the current study was the 50 percentile Chinese male model established previously based on computerized tomography data [26–31]. The model consists of the head, neck, torso, and limbs as shown in Figure 1. The assembled human model and each part of it were all validated by PMHS tests from published literature [32–35], including frontal thorax impact, lateral thorax impact, head impact, bone bending tests, etc. In the thoracic cavity, the heart is connected with the lungs by the pulmonary artery. The descending aorta was constrained with the spine to simulate the action of the intercostal arteries. The low region of the heart and the distal end of the descending aorta were also constrained to represent the contact with the diaphragm. The whole model contained 1 734 889 elements and 1 006 365 nodes, respectively. In the human model, the property of the skeleton was defined as elastoplastic, and the ultimate strain was set to simulate the rib fracture. Organs like the heart and lungs were represented by viscoelastic materials. Vessels like pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, and superior vena cava were set as linear elastic to improve the computational efficiency. For more detailed material properties of the human FE model, see the previous studies [26–31].
Computer-Aided Diagnosis System for Diagnosis of Cavitary and Miliary Tuberculosis Using Improved Artificial Bee Colony Optimization
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Anisha Isaac, H. Khanna Nehemiah, A. Kannan
Miliary TB falls under both pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB. It is characterized by a dissemination of micro nodules with a diameter of 1 mm to 3 mm that appears as millet seeds [5]. The bacterium gets distributed throughout the lungs and affects multiple organs such as spleen, liver and kidneys. It erodes the epithelial layer of alveolar cells of the lungs and infects the pulmonary vein. Eventually, they increase exponentially and affect the extra pulmonary organs. Miliary TB fails to show specific clinical symptoms and therefore diagnosing it is a challenging task to the physician. Mycobacterial culture examination can diagnose Miliary TB when the sputum is available, however, it does not manifest productive cough in all patients [6, 7]. The sputum specimen is difficult to acquire, nevertheless, the test may also show negative at times because of less fluid in the body [7].
Plugs for left atrial appendage occlusion: an overview of available devices
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2020
Slayman Obeid, Fabian Nietlispach, Bernhard Meier
After venous access at the right groin, the atrial septum is punctured. In the presence of a PFO or an ASD, those can be passed [40]. An ideal transspetal puncture is in a posteroinferior position, i.e., directly opposite to the LAA. The delivery sheath is then advanced transseptally into the left atrium (LA) and (in some centers guided by a 5F pigtail catheter) into the LAA for angiography in at least two RAO projections (for instance 30°/20° caudal and 30°/20° cranial). For the advancement of the delivery sheath from the groin to the LA, the stiffest 0.035 inch shaft guidewire available is recommended. This affords relatively easy passing of the groin and the septum even with the typical large bore sheaths required for device deployment. The wire’s soft J tip can initially be parked in a pulmonary vein. However, it is also possible to park it in the LA, the left ventricle, or even the LAA, itself. Usually, the LAA is entered for the first time with the sheath (the dilator must be partially retracted proximally to the sheath bends before that), a pigtail catheter, or the partially extruded device lobe in a ball configuration. The neck and lobes of the appendage are evaluated with a contrast medium injection or with echocardiography for device size selection. It is recommended to oversize the selected device by at least 20% to ensure sufficient device compression and anchoring of the hooks. Then, the device is delivered and deployed in the optimal position as assessed by fluoroscopy and, if available, echocardiography [41,42].