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Human–Machine Force Interactive Interface and Exoskeleton Robot Techniques Based on Biomechanical Model of Skeletal Muscle
Published in Yuehong Yin, Biomechanical Principles on Force Generation and Control of Skeletal Muscle and their Applications in Robotic Exoskeleton, 2020
Human somatic motorium is a perfect control system full of effective information exchanges. For a healthy person, the active voluntary exercise is generated by human brain. More specifically, it is controlled by somatic nervous system (SNS). As illustrated in Figure 4.70, neural signals send the information, such as motion intentions, from upper motor neurons to the ones through corticospinal tract to control the contraction of muscle fibers and finally drive the musculoskeletal system to complete target activities. Meanwhile, human detects motion status, such as muscle contraction velocity, contraction force, and joint angle, through proprioceptors and feedback to CNS to do active or reflective feedback adjustment for human motion [124]. Thus, human somatic motion control system is a typical closed-loop control system with feedback pathway for proprioceptors, which can be seen as the biological foundation of human stable motion [125].
New scale for assessing spasticity based on the pendulum test
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Antonina Aleksić, Dejan B. Popović
Spasticity often follows a central nervous system lesion (spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, etc.). Spasticity comes from the imbalance of the neural communication between the central and peripheral nervous systems and results in involuntary muscle activation. This creates an inability to stretch muscles or coordinate movements effectively. Lance (1980) defined spasticity as a motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in the tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflexes as one component of the upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome. Landau (1980) introduced the following definition of spasticity: (1) decreased dexterity, (2) loss of strength, (3) increased tendon jerks, (4) increased resistance to slower passive muscle stretch, and (5) hyperactive flexion reflexes (flexor spasms). Spasticity often results in pain and loss of mobility due to a muscle spasm (Mukherjee and Chakravarty 2010).
Development of Robotic Rehabilitation Device for Spasticity Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2021
Divya Shakti, Ratan Das, Neelesh Kumar, Lini Mathew, Takshima Seth, Chitra Kataria
According to World Health Organization (WHO), all over the world, people in the range between 2,50,000 and 5,00,000 suffer from Spinal Code Injury (SCI) yearly [1]. Mortality rate is highest in the initial years after injury and remains high, surpassing all the major factors of disability and death [2,3]. Given the current U.S. population size of 327 million people, a current approximation showed that the annual incidence of SCI is approximately 54 cases per one million people in the United States, or about 17,700 new SCI cases every year. New SCI cases do not comprise those who die at the location of the incident that caused the SCI [4]. SCI is defined as a motor disorder, which is characterized by velocity-dependent increase in the muscle tone and unrestrained repetitive involuntary inconsistencies of the skeletal muscle as the component of the upper motor neuron syndrome [5]. The general occurrence of spasticity for multiple sclerosis patients is 60%, which increases to 75% if the disease is prevailing for more than 15 years [6]. In a study of North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) cross-sectional data of 21000 patients were acquired and it was deduced that 50% of the patients suffer from mild spasticity [7]. With the oral treatment procedure, 41% of physicians and 36% of the patients do not find satisfactory [8].
Inertial sensing of step kinematics in ambulatory patients with ALS and related motor neuron diseases
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Andrew Geronimo, Anne E. Martin, Zachary Simmons
This was a single-session, prospective study using body-worn inertial sensors to measure gait of adult patients attending a tertiary care ALS clinic. This study included patients with a diagnosis of definite, probable, probable laboratory-supported possible ALS [24], primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) or progressive muscular atrophy (PMA). PLS patients experience isolated upper motor neuron dysfunction, leading to spasticity and incoordination, while PMA patients have isolated lower motor neuron dysfunction, producing muscle weakness. Those with ALS exhibit signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction. Clinical parameters of age, gender, height, walking sub-score of the ALSFRS-R (FRSw) and mobility assistance were collected for each subject. FRSw was either 2 (walks with assistance), 3 (early ambulation difficulties) or 4 (normal walking). Mobility assistance was either “no assistance”, “cane” or “rolling walker” based on the type of aid using during the recording. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Penn State Health Hershey Medical Centre and all subjects provided written informed consent.