China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Behavior for Relieving Pressure
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
It is simple to use methods (1) and (2) to transfer single bit information. To provide an alarm to the patient, the device should activate the stimulator above the threshold of sensation and below the threshold of pain. Threshold levels vary for different locations on the body and are different from one person to another. Another important factor is adaptation of skin receptors to the stimuli. In general, the skin sensation threshold may increase when stimulated continuously. Thus intermittent stimulation is more noticeable. For transferring pattern information, we should consider spatial resolution, two-point-discrimination threshold, spatial and temporal integration which are summation of the stimulus over some area of the skin and time respectively. Kaczmarek et al (1990) review electrotactile and vibrotactile displays for sensory substitution systems and provide 150 references.
Physical Demonstration of Successful Mirror Image Cognition by a Robot
Published in Junichi Takeno, Self-Aware Robots, 2022
The result of Experiment 1 suggests that the coincidence rate of the robot behavior cannot theoretically reach 100% because of various disturbances existing in the environment. This gives rise to the hypothesis that human cognition is always ambiguous (ambiguous recognition hypothesis). As can be demonstrated by experiments, two-point discrimination regarding the skin sensation of humans is not always successful, but its success depends on the location (van Nes et al., 2008).
The effect of the menstrual cycle on the sense of touch, grip strength and manual dexterity of dental students
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Emir İbrahim Işik, Koray Soygun, Öykü Ceren Kahraman, Elif Figen Koçak
A disc discriminator (baseline Dellon two-point discriminator) was used in the measurement of two-point discrimination. The measurements were taken on the first finger of both hands. The disc discriminator is a sensory measure designed to be used on the hand. It is used as a diagnostic tool in testing both static and dynamic one and two-point discrimination. The disc is formed of a plastic piece containing sticks, each of which has been embedded at varying intervals. The distance between the sticks varies from 1 to 25 mm [38].
Operational learning with sensory feedback for controlling a robotic thumb using the posterior auricular muscle
Published in Advanced Robotics, 2019
Tadayoshi Aoyama, Hiroshi Shikida, Rubens Schatz, Yasuhisa Hasegawa
We chose the back of the left hand as a body part where vibration stimulus was displayed. Sato et al. reported that the threshold of two-point discrimination for the back of the hand is 11.8 mm [20]. Thus, we modulated the intensities according to the CM joint angle of the robotic thumb. For example, if the robotic thumb moved towards the index finger, the intensity of the motor (which was attached at the base of the index finger) increased.
A critical review of the assessment of medical gloves
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2021
D. Preece, R. Lewis, M. J. Carré
Tactile sensitivity is defined as the ability to extract information from a foreign object to determine the texture, shape, size and possibly orientation via manual exploration [16]. However, questions concerning the rupture rate and durability of these gloves are being raised [17,18]. Common methods of assessing tactile sensitivity include the use of monofilament tests in conjunction with two-point discrimination tests. In the monofilament test, the subject is blinded, and a microfilament is pressed onto a part of the hand. Once the filament buckles, the examiner ceases pressure application and the subject confirms if contact has been felt. A major limitation of this test is that the thicker filaments buckle at higher loads, thus the pressure at the filament contact will differ between the varying degrees of thickness. The literature regarding these tests is conflicting with Park et al. [16], Novak et al. [19], Tiefenthaler et al. [20], Bucknoer et al. [21], Mylon et al. [22] Che and Ge [23] and Thompson and Lambert [24] stating that tactility is reduced when gloves are worn when compared to the bare hand. However, Shih et al. [25], Nelson and Mital [26] and Johnson et al. [27] show that no change in sensitivity is present when donning medical gloves. When comparing glove materials, Kopka [28] found that there was no difference in sensitivity between NRL and ‘NRL-free’ gloves. It must be noted, that between these studies, many variations are present in the methodology. Some studies use higher thicknesses of monofilaments to assess sensitivity and different glove materials are used throughout. In the two-point discrimination test, two prongs are placed on the skin at varying distances with the aim of identifying at what distance the two prongs feel like one. Fry et al. [29] showed that gloves do not hinder the identification of two distinct points. Whereas other studies investigating this found that gloves can reduce the discrimination of two points [19–21,24,25,30,31]. Again, this test has limitations, given that there is no limit on how much pressure is put onto the surface by the subject and the glove material can spread out the pressure across the finger. It has also been noted by Lundborg and Rosén [32] that it can be tempting for examiners to apply enough pressure to evoke a result, introducing bias into these tests and producing inaccurate results. Whilst Fry et al. [29] stated that they did not find any differences in 2-point discrimination tactility between gloves and no gloves, they looked at ulnar and radial surface testing. The radial nerve is less likely to serve purpose in clinical situations, as the back of the thumb or hand is less likely to be used [33] which draws questions on the effect gloves have on tactility. Table 1 shows a breakdown of the available literature regarding tactile tests.