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Pulmonary reactions to novel chemotherapeutic agents and biomolecules
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
In 2005, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published recommendations for the prevention of tuberculosis in the setting of TNF-α inhibitor use.59 Patients should be screened carefully for risk factors, including: birth or residence in an area where tuberculosis is prevalent; history of residence in a prison, homeless shelter or long-term care facility; substance abuse; and healthcare employment involved in the care of tuberculosis patients. Tuberculin skin-testing is mandatory unless there is a known history of positive reactivity. Published guidelines should be used to interpret the skin-test, though the standard of practice now suggests 5 mm of induration to be a positive result when infliximab is the planned therapy. Chest radiographs should be obtained in all patients to look for evidence of latent infection. The preferred treatment for latent tuberculosis infection is 9 months of daily isoniazid, but there is no consensus of opinion on when TNF-α inhibitor therapy can be started in such patients. While completion of the entire course of antituberculous therapy is preferable, it also has been suggested that anti-TNF-α therapy can be initiated 1–2 months after the start of prophylaxis.57,60 Development of tuberculosis, however, has been reported despite adequate prophylaxis.61 In all patients receiving these agents, a high degree of vigilance and suspicion for tuberculosis must be maintained, and febrile or respiratory illnesses should be worked up thoroughly for this possibility.
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Published in Grimmer Gemot, Dr. Chem., Environmental Carcinogens: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 1983
Since the beginning of scientific medical research, animal experiments have played a decisive role in detecting and treating diseases. In the past there were numerous spectacular successes in medical research which became possible only by using an animal experiment. The infection of guinea pigs with tubercle bacilli and subsequent treatment of the disease with “tuberculin” formed the basis for successful detection and treatment of tuberculosis. The development of antidiphtheritic serum by Emil von Behring was possible only by the immunization of wethers. Mention should also be made of Landsteiner’s detection of the blood groups and the importance of rhesus monkeys in the blood typing of subgroups. In recent times, mention must be made of experiments in rats. These were designed for the induction of a disease pattern similar to Morbus Parkinson, by means of reserpine, and for the extrapolation of the experimental results to man, since these experiments initiated the detection and investigation of dopamine. Goats played a decisive role in the immune diagnostics of cardiac infarcts. We have mentioned these five examples, which may be supplemented at will, because they show that special problems demand special animal species for their solution.
Evaluation of neurobehavioral abnormalities and immunotoxicity in response to oral imidacloprid exposure in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Dana Franzen-Klein, Mark Jankowski, Charlotte L. Roy, Hoa Nguyen-Phuc, Da Chen, Lorin Neuman-Lee, Patrick Redig, Julia Ponder
In all treatment groups, birds were dosed by gavage once daily for 7 consecutive days (day 0–6) at approximately 24-hour (h) intervals (± 2 h). Neurobehavioral signs were monitored daily. Blood was collected for a CBC and microbiocidal assay immediately prior to oral exposure on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21. The phytohemagglutinin-A (PHA) response test was performed on days 7 and 8. Birds were exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen on day 1 for delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, and a tuberculin skin test was performed on days 14 and 15. Birds were exposed to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) on day 1, and blood was collected for agglutination and hemolysis titers on day 7. Birds were humanely euthanized for a complete gross necropsy and tissue collection on day 21. The research protocol was approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol # 1610-34271A).
Screening of healthcare workers for latent tuberculosis infection in the low tuberculosis burden country: QuantiFERON-TB gold in tube test or tuberculin skin test?
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Sepideh Keshavarz Valian, Shima Mahmoudi, Babak Pourakbari, Mohammad Reza Abdolsalehi, Hamid Eshaghi, Setareh Mamishi
Annual LTBI screening of HCWs program is not routine in our country. Because our goal was not to recruit all HCWs at our hospital, participation in the study was voluntary and written informed consent was obtained before data collection and laboratory investigations. Any individual who works in a health-care setting includes physicians, nurses, allied health personnel (nursing assistants), and orderlies who met any of the following criteria were excluded: age younger than 18 years, had an immunosuppressive disease, pregnancy, allergy to tuberculin. In addition, individuals who had active tuberculosis in the past or already received anti-TB treatment were excluded.
Occupational tuberculosis in healthcare workers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Faith O Alele, Richard C. Franklin, Theophilus I. Emeto, Peter Leggat
Three studies reported the incidence of LTBI in HCWs.33–35 Two studies conducted in Zimbabwe and South Africa reported the incidence rate which ranged from 6.0 per 100,000 person-years to 29/100,000 person-years.33,35 One study reported the cumulative incidences of LTBI which ranged from 22% to 38% among the HCWs.34 The type of test used varied between studies and included the tuberculin skin test (TST)33–35 and Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA: QuantiFERON-TB and T-SPOT.TB) (Table 3).34,35