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Automated Diagnosis and Prediction in Cardiovascular Diseases Using Tomographic Imaging
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Big Data in Multimodal Medical Imaging, 2019
Lisa Duff, Charalampos Tsoumpas
Echocardiography or echocardiograms are ultrasounds of the heart and can either be taken from outside the body or by passing the probe through the oesophagus. The ultrasound image is produced in real time and can give information about the structure and performance of the heart, e.g. how well it pumps blood [7, 25]. The transthoracic echocardiogram (TTEs) is the most commonly used version of this imaging technique and is taken from outside the body by placing the probe against the patient’s chest. Other types of echocardiogram include taking 3D imaging of the heart, Doppler ultrasound (used to visualise blood flow) and stress tests (for example during exercise) [25]. Sometimes contrast agents are used which enhance image quality and help assess perfusion [26]. Echocardiography is used in the diagnosis of cardiac failure, identification of congenital heart disease and detecting pulmonary arterial hypertension among other applications (Figure 4.7) [7].
The State-of-the-Art Echocardiography and Its Viewpoint Classifications
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Cardiovascular Imaging and Image Analysis, 2018
Xiaohong W. Gao, Wei Li, Martin Loomes, Yu Qian, Qiang Lin, Liqin Huang, Lianyi Wang
Echocardiography works rather like sonar, whereby sound waves are applied to locate the position of an object based on the characteristics of the reflected signals, hence coining the term of echo [11]. To acquire a video clip, an echo transducer (or probe) of the size of a computer mouse is placed on the chest wall surface (or thorax) of the subject, from which images are taken. This procedure is a non-invasive, highly accurate, and fast assessment of the overall health status of the heart. A standard echocardiogram is also known as a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE), or cardiac ultrasound. It has three basic modes that are used to image the heart: M-mode imaging, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and Doppler imaging. The M-mode echo, which supplies a 1D view, is usually employed for fine measurements. 2D mode imaging is the mainstream of echo imaging and allows structures to be viewed in vivo in real time for any cross-section of the heart. In 2D mode imaging clips, all chambers and valves of the heart as well as the adjacent proximal connections of large vessels can be depicted. In this way, the spatial relationships among normal and abnormal intra-cardiac structures can be revealed. In addition, the more advanced mode of 4D echo has been recently introduced, which in essence comprises the sequence of the 3D structural heart in motion. Similarly, 3D echo often refers to the sequence (e.g., video) of 2D frames. Figures 12.2–12.4 demonstrate examples of 1D to 4D echo frames.
Device profile of the Impella 5.0 and 5.5 system for mechanical circulatory support for patients with cardiogenic shock: overview of its safety and efficacy
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Mohit Pahuja, Jaime Hernandez-Montfort, Evan H. Whitehead, Masashi Kawabori, Navin K. Kapur
Echocardiograms are commonly used every day to confirm the appropriate position of the Impella catheter relative to the aortic valve and other interventricular structures post placement. The position of the catheter is best viewed in parasternal long axis for transthoracic echocardiogram and in long axis views for transesophageal echocardiogram. The correct Impella catheter position includes: the inlet area of the catheter is at 3.5 cm below the aortic valve annulus with the catheter angled toward the left ventricular apex and away from the papillary muscle and sub-annular structures; the outlet area is above the aortic valve (Figure 3). Since the Impella 5.5 does not have a pigtail, the correct Impella position is when the inlet catheter is 5.0 cm below the aortic valve annulus.
Consequences of space radiation on the brain and cardiovascular system
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Catherine M. Davis, Antiño R. Allen, Dawn E. Bowles
In a study by Seawright et al. examining a similar strain of mice (c57BL/6J),125 the effect of 16O and 1H was examined individually as well as in a configuration where 1H irradiation was followed by 16O irradiation. Compared to unirradiated control animals, only mild changes in cardiac function were observed as determined by transthoracic echocardiogram following 16O (specifically ejection fraction and fractional shortening decreased at 3 and 7 months after 16O). No changes in cardiac function were seen with either 1H alone or 1H followed by 16O. Furthermore, the changes with single administration of 16O were seen only at later time points post irradiation, in contrast to the early changes in function that were seen with Yan et al. which examined single dose of 56Fe. There were important differences between the Yan et al. and Seawright study which might explain these differences such as source of mouse strain (Jackson Lab versus Taconic), earliest time point examined (1 month versus 3 months), 1H dose examined (0.15 Gy versus 0.5 and 1), age of mice at time of radiation (8-10 months in Yan versus 6 months in Seawright).
Prognostic value of renal failure in patients undergoing transvenous lead extraction: single centre experience and systematic review of the literature
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Giulia Massaro, Alberto Spadotto, Luca Canovi, Cristian Martignani, Matteo Ziacchi, Andrea Angeletti, Nazzareno Galie, Giuseppe Boriani, Mauro Biffi, Igor Diemberger
We enrolled all patients who underwent TLE at Cardiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, University of Bologna between March 2011 and April 2020. Primary endpoints were 30-day and 1-year mortality after TLE. Before TLE procedure, each patient underwent blood cultures, transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), to assess ventricular ejection fraction (EF) and presence of intracardiac vegetations or valvular dysfunctions. After TLE procedure, a TEE was repeated to evaluate EF and presence of pericardial effusion, ghosts or valvular dysfunctions [19]. In most cases, 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed before lead extraction, to better identify infection extension. Antibiotic therapy was personalized based on microbiological cultures, after consultation with an infectious disease specialist. TLE procedure was performed in hybrid haemodynamic/surgery room by expert electrophysiologists. Obtained samples were sent to microbiological laboratory for analysis. After hospital discharge, patients were followed up by office visits at 6 and 12 months after TLE procedure, and then every year up to 5 years. Pre-procedural collected data were age, gender, clinical history, comorbidities, CIED characteristics, indication for TLE, blood tests (including microbiological), electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and pharmacological therapy. Procedural data considered tools and techniques used for TLE, radiological and clinical success, and intra-procedural complications. Post-procedural evaluations included: blood tests (including microbiological), echocardiogram, complications, infectious relapse, CIED re-implantation and clinical outcomes. All patients signed informed consent for inclusion in our observational prospective registry of candidates to TLE, approved by our Ethical Committee.