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Hazard Assessment
Published in Leon Golberg, Hazard Assessment of Ethylene Oxide, 2017
What are the assumptions that have to be made for the estimation of cancer risk to man using radequivalence, and why are these open to criticism? Since the radequivalence values are derived from data on mutation induction, the primary assumption when estimating cancer risk is that cancers are initiated by forward mutations in somatic cells. This might be the case, in part, but it is clearly not applicable in all cases. Recent studies have shown that specific chromosome translocations, involving movement of specific oncogenes, are important in blood cancers such as leukemias and lymphomas. There is also evidence of a two-step process of initiation and promotion, that does not allow for simple extrapolation from mutation frequency data. Thus, extrapolation from mutation frequencies to cancer incidence is not legitimate.
Interactive effect of silicon and nitric oxide effectively contracts copper toxicity in Salvia officinalis L.
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Pariya Pirooz, Rayhaneh Amooaghaie, Somayeh Bakhtiari
Silicon (Si) is one of the most abundant elements on the earth’s crust which its beneficial effects on plant growth and development have been proven well, but it is not yet considered as an essential element (Vaculík et al.2020; Meena et al.2022). Previous literature exhibited that exogenous application of Si relieved the adverse effects of exposure to heavy metals, including Cu, Cd, and Cr, in various plant species (Keller et al.2015; Ma and Yamaji 2015; Wu et al.2016; Flora et al.2019; El-Beltagi et al.2020; Vieira Filho and Monteiro 2020). In most studies, co-precipitation of silicon and heavy metals in the medium has been suggested as a reason for reducing heavy metal uptake in plants. However, other mechanisms for the impact of Si on heavy metal tolerance have been demonstrated in recent years. For instance, Wu et al. (2019) reported Si supply reduced Cd concentrations in wheat plants via enhancing suberin development in the endoderm of roots. Khandekar and Leisner (2011) also found that Si supply lowered Cu uptake and translocation in Arabidopsis through altering gene expression of COPT1 and HMA5 which are encoding transporters involved in Cu uptake and translocation in plants. Rostami et al. (2020) also stated that exogenous application of Si reduced the negative impacts of Cd-induced oxidative stress on Chl. a by lowering Cd translocation to shoot and augmenting the activity of antioxidant enzymes in Lallemantia royleana.
Plethora of Carbon Nanotubes Applications in Various Fields – A State-of-the-Art-Review
Published in Smart Science, 2022
Nidhi Jain, Eva Gupta, Nand Jee Kanu
Internal translocation means a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome using CNTs. CNTs are used for delivering biofertilizer. When biofertilizer is delivered through CNTs, the unique properties of CNTs will provide large surface area, superior reactivity, and smaller particle size, which support the profound delivery of biofertilizer inside the plant [110]. The CNTs facilitate nutrients delivery, which is helpful in humanizing their growth and yields. When CNTs are administered at low concentrations, the positive response is shown by the plants. However, if the concentration of CNTs is more, then sometimes it causes damaging effects on plant growth. The CNTs effects on the surroundings should be investigated before extensive use in agriculture. Protection of plants should be on a priority base before large-scale use of CNTs is there [111].
Amphiphilic block versus random copolymer nanoparticles with reactive oxygen species responsiveness as berberine vehicles
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Honglei Guo, Qianqian Guo, Tianyu Lan, Yongjun Luo, Xiuhao Pan, Yifang Yao, Yafei Li, Ya Feng, Yujia Liu, Ling Tao, Xiangchun Shen
Insulin can stimulate Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane for transporting glucose into cells, thereby reducing the blood glucose level [50]. Since BBR can increase insulin sensitivity to facilitate the cell uptake of glucose [11, 12, 51], a 2-DOG uptake assay was performed to evaluate the effect of BBR on insulin. Figure 10 shows Glut4 immunofluorescence staining in mouse podocytes with different agents. It was found that BBR did not differ from the control group, indicating that BBR was ineffective for Glut4 translocation. Insulin improved Glut4 translocation to the cell membrane and promoted glucose transport into the cells. The combination of insulin with BBR also improved Glut4 translocation, and the fluorescent intensity was stronger than that in the insulin group. The block and random nanoparticles did not differ from the control group, indicating that blank nanoparticles were ineffective for Glut4 translocation. By comparison, the combination of insulin with BBR-loaded nanoparticle groups showed higher fluorescence intensity, revealing a significant increase in the glucose uptake of cells. These results show that BBR and BBR-loaded nanoparticles can enhance the effect of insulin on improving Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane.