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Dental and Maxillofacial Surgery Applications of Polymers
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
The mechanism of the chemical bonding of the polyelectrolyte cements has been explored by Wilson et al. [34]. They studied the interaction between polyacrylate ions and hydroxyapatite (the main constituent of tooth enamel and a significant component of dentin), and postulated that polyelectrolyte chains are embedded in the enamel or dentin surface with the release of calcium and phosphate ions (Figure 23.19). The pretreatment of dentin with a dilute poly(acrylic acid) conditioning solution did not improve clinical bonding [35].
Multi-Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Encapsulation Entities for Multifaceted Topical Drug Delivery Applications
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
P. D. Kondiah, Yahya E. Choonara, Zikhona Hayiyana, Pariksha J. Kondiah, Thashree Marimuthu, Lisa C. du Toit, Pradeep Kumar, Viness Pillay
Loftsson and co-workers investigated the effects of β-cyclodextrins and their hydrophilic derivatives on silica-based triclosan toothpaste (Loftsson et al. 1999). The study found that the addition of β-cyclodextrins enhanced triclosan solubilization. The combination of triclosan, β-cyclodextrin, and carboxymethylcellulose increased the bioavailability, duration of action, and substantivity of triclosan. The tooth surface is covered by tooth enamel, whose main component is hydroxyapatite (HA). Lee and co-workers developed a biomineral-binding conjugate of alendronate–β-cyclodextrin (Liu et al. 2007). The conjugate showed a very strong binding affinity for HA. This conjugate holds great potential as a novel delivery system for oral cavity–localized diseases such as tooth decay, periodontitis, etc.
Nanoindentation of Tooth Tissues
Published in Michelle L. Oyen, Handbook of Nanoindentation with biological applications, 2019
A tooth is composed of vascularized soft connective tissue—dental pulp—covered by two layers of mineralized hard tissues, namely, inner dentin and outer enamel As the outer cover and functional layer of a tooth, enamel is the hardest and stiffest structure of mammals. The functional requirements of teeth are that they be able to sustain a wide range of imposed loads and consequent contact induced stresses without failure and retain their shape while doing so.1 In addition to the normal loads, enamel will be exposed to shear forces because of the direct contact with opposite teeth and external objects during mastication. Moreover, unlike other calcified skeletal structures, fracture of dental tissue is not repairable. Some typical physiological conditions of teeth have been listed in Table 8-1 by Waters.2 Recently, investigations indicate that masticatory loading forces teeth are exposed to range from 28 N to more than 1200 N.3,4 At the same time, the contact area may be as small as a few square millimeters. It is amazing that enamel can sustain and survive such high forces for millions of cycles. The mechanical properties and the deformation mechanisms in relation to the compositional and hierarchal microstructural characteristics of enamel are an essential factor to understand this natural material.
Use of spectral domain optical coherence tomography to detect internal defects of resin composites in carious teeth after restorations
Published in Journal of Modern Optics, 2020
Gang Shi, Yubao Zhang, Yirui Zhu, Qiaoqiao Xue, Xiao Han, Sizhu Ai, Jiulin Shi, Chengfeng Xie, Xingdao He
Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body owing to its high mineral content and long-range ordered crystal structure, which plays an important role in the protection of teeth from destruction [1,2]. Regardless of its excellent hardness, dental enamel can be destroyed easily by caries. This bacteria-based disease induces a progressive demineralization in dental enamel, and thus results in the formation of the enamel lesion that will eventually grow into cavities [3,4]. Although the incidence of caries has been markedly lowered, it remains one of the most common disorders in children and adults worldwide, [5–7] and without proper care, it can continue to deteriorate until the tooth is completely damaged.