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Antiviral Drugs as Tools for Nanomedicine
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Cancer is classified according to the kind of fluid or tissue from which it originates, or according to the tissue/organ in the body where it first originated or developed. In addition, a few cancers are of mixed types. The following are the five broad categories of cancer:Carcinoma: It is cancer of the epithelial tissue that lines surfaces of organ/glands or body structures. They account for 80–90% of all cancer cases, e.g. melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell skin carcinoma, merkel cell carcinoma.Sarcoma: A sarcoma is a malignant tumour growing from connective tissues, such as cartilage, fat, muscle, tendons, and bones. The most common sarcoma, a tumour on the bone, usually occurs in young adults, e.g. osteosarcoma (bone), chondrosarcoma (cartilage), Erwig’s sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma.Lymphoma: These refer to cancer of nodes or glands of the lymphatic system. The lyphatic systems are responsible for producing WBCs and clean body fluids, e.g. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and cutaneous lymphoma.Leukemia: It is also known as blood cancer. It is a cancer of the bone marrow, which produces normal red and white blood cells and platelets. White blood cells are known as the body’s fighter cells, which resist infection. Red cells contain a special protein called haemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and then returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs, where it gets exhaled. Platelets support the body. Platelets also called as thrombocytes play a vital role in normal blood clotting, e.g. acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, agnogenic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, essential thrombocythemia (ET), hairy cell leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).Myeloma: It grows in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Sometimes, it is plasmacytoma, i.e. the myeloma cells collect in one bone and form a single tumour. In other cases, it is multiple myeloma – where the cells collect in many bones, forming many bone tumours.
Potential application of XC3 (X = B, N) nanosheets in drug delivery of hydroxyurea anticancer drug: a comparative DFT study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Rezvan Rahimi, Mohammad Solimannejad, Zeynab Ehsanfar
Hydroxycarbamide (HC), or the anticancer drug hydroxyurea, has been used as an anti-neoplastic drug in myeloproliferative disorders, mainly polycythemia Vera and essential thrombocythemia. The hydroxyurea anticancer drug restrained the growth of cancer cells in the head and neck, and it cures many neoplastic diseases, including chronic myelogenous leukemia [16–18]. HC anticancer drug used in the treatment of sickle cell anemia [19]. Some of the side effects of this drug are drowsiness, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, constipation, mucositis, anorexia, stomatitis, bone marrow toxicity, skin changes, abnormal liver enzymes, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen [20]. These side effects may happen when interacting with the wrong purpose or in the incorrect tissue. One compelling method to minimise drugs’ side effects and toxicity is to send prescriptions to the target regions. Drug delivery technologies make it possible to increase the efficiency of drug uptake and distribution.
Effect of nano‐sized SiO2 particles on the cognitive function and biochemical response
Published in Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 2019
Amara Salem, Amal Oudhabechi, Mohsen Sakly
Along with the classical indices of toxicity, such as blood counts and biochemical markers. our study is oriented towards a biochemical approach which reflects the metabolic activity in animals treated with SiO2-NPs in solution. Biochemical parameters measured in our study are quite stable in the treated animals compared with control rats, whereas we noted a significant increase in blood glucose levels in rats exposed to nanoparticles (Table 2). This increase may be reversible and reported to the stress situation. Indeed, these conditions could be related probably to the overproduction of corticosterone the hyperglycemic hormone known by its physiological role in stress resistance.27 Regarding the blood counts our results showed that SiO2-NPs lead to increase the white blood cells profile compared with the control group (Table 3). This effect can be highly interesting and provide cellular immunity against malignant diseases or other immunosuppressive agent. Nanoparticles are evaluated for their immunostimulatory potential based on their ability to stimulate innate or adaptive immune responses.28 Although in recent years, our understanding of nanoparticle interaction with components of the immune system has improved, many questions still require more thorough investigation and deeper understanding. Moreover, in our study we noted a high platelet count in SiO2-NPs exposed rats (Table 3). Thus, we could speculate that immune system responds with inflammation and this primary thrombocythemia can lead to abnormal clotting in the SiO2-NPs treated rats. Likewise the histopathology examination showed a remarkable inflammatory cells infiltration and granuloma formation in the liver (Figure 4). However, SiO2-NPs treatment-related changes were very limited in appearance or morphology of the kidney and brain (Figures 5 and 6). Similarly, Fu et al.29 reported that different routes of exposure to mesoporous SiO2-NPs, including intravenous, oral, hypodermic, and intramuscular administration, did not result in any histopathological changes or lesions in the liver, spleen, kidney, or lung at 24 h and 7 days after administration in mice. Recently, Zhang et al.30 suggest that 30%–99% of administered nanoparticles will accumulate and sequester in the liver after administration into the body. This effect could reduce delivery to other targeted tissue and potentially leads to increased toxicity at the hepatic cellular level. Thus, to understand nanomaterials exposure risks it is critical to understand how nanomaterials are recognized, internalized, trafficked and distributed and determining the balance between host tolerance and adverse nanotoxicity.