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Discrimination of Healthy Skin, Superficial Epidermal Burns, and Full-Thickness Burns from 2D-Colored Images Using Machine Learning
Published in Qurban A. Memon, Shakeel Ahmed Khoja, Data Science, 2019
Aliyu Abubakar, Hassan Ugail, Ali Maina Bukar, Kirsty M. Smith
Burns are caused via various processes such as thermal, chemical, friction, and radiation [10]. Burns that are caused by flames, hot objects, hot liquid, and steams are referred to as thermal burns. Burns caused by hot liquid and steams are sometimes referred to as scald burns. Corrosive substances such as acid are also known to cause severe damage to the skin when they come in contact, and this category of injury caused by such substances are called chemical burns, mostly occurring due to accidental spillage in industries/workplaces. Frictional forces relative to each other generate heat and leads to mechanical commotion of the skin resulting in friction burn injury. Burns caused by radiation are mostly due to exposure to ultraviolet sun radiation. This is in addition caused to prolong exposure to therapeutic radiations in hospitals as well as industry workers dealing with radiation substances. The severity of the burn depends on how long the body gets exposed to any of the causes mentioned.
Nuclear Terrorism
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Burns that affect over 20% of the body can be fatal if not treated. Even with treatment, deaths from extensive burns will be high, especially among the very young and the elderly. Treatment of burns is much the same as the treatment for thermal burns and may require extended hospitalization, debreeding, and skin grafts. Thermal radiation can affect the human body in two ways: direct absorption of the thermal energy through flash burns to exposed surfaces (skin and tissue) and indirect action from fires caused in the exposed environment (flame burns). If a nuclear detonation occurs in an area of highly flammable materials, the flame burns could outnumber the flash burns. Thermal radiation travels in a straight line away from the fireball and rapidly decreases in intensity with distance. Objects close to the fireball will be incinerated by the enormous thermal output. Lethality would be 100% within this range and would continue for a distance beyond the fireball. Actual ranges will vary based upon the yield of the device, position of the burst, weather conditions, and environmental factors. Two things determine the degree of burn injury from a given nuclear burst: the amount of thermal energy per square centimeter and the duration of the thermal pulse.
Gasoline-related injuries and fatalities in the United States, 1995-2014
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2018
Suicides by self-immolation (n = 91) accounted for 25% of the thermal burn deaths. These deaths were not only unexpected in the data, but also made up a relatively substantial percentage of deaths. Self-immolation is a documented, though apparently rare, choice for suicide. Shkrum and Johnston (1992) reported 32 self-immolation deaths in Ontario, Canada in a three-year period accounting for 1% of suicides. Copeland (1985) reported 24 self-immolation deaths over an 8-year period in Miami, FL, accounting for nearly 1% of suicides. Franchitto et al. (2011) reported 38 self-immolation suicides in France for a five-year period, noting such cases were rare. Yabanoglu et al. (2015) reported 20 self-immolation suicide attempts between 1997 and 2013 in Turkey. Gasoline was a common accelerant in the referenced studies; a psychiatric history was also commonly noted.
Asymptotic analysis of transient heating on the triple-layered skin tissue with temperature dependent blood perfusion rate
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2021
Ying Ze Wang, Mei Jun Li, Dong Liu
The heat transfer process and temperature distribution within skin tissue, induced by transient heating on its outer boundary, are studied in present work. An analytical procedure to solve the multi-layer model with variable temperature-dependent blood perfusion rate in the context of the DPL model of heat transfer is proposed. Utilizing this analytical procedure, the thermal response and associated thermal damage of skin tissue, induced by transient heating, is obtained and discussed, which can be drawn as follows: Discontinuous distribution of temperature has been predicted for various thermal properties in different skin layer. The change of temperature over time is same between the epidermis layer and dermis layer but is opposite to hypodermis layer for significant change of heat conductivity.The effect of phase lags on temperature distribution is dependent on the various thermal properties. Higher temperature is predicted in the GP regime in the epidermis layer and dermis layer, which leads to an earlier thermal burn time with the same heat input, meanwhile smaller temperature is also predicted in the hypodermis layer.The temperature decreases exponentially with the temperature-dependent , the smaller temperature has been predicted comparing with that of the constant . The effect of temperature-dependent on temperature distribution is enhanced over time and this effect mainly focuses on the epidermis layer and dermis layer.The effect of temperature-dependent on temperature distribution is also enhanced with the heat flux increases, and this effect is still significant in the epidermis layer and dermis layer.Thermal burn in the case of temperature-dependent happens later than that of the constant case. The effect of temperature-dependent on thermal burn mainly focuses on the moment after it happens for higher heat flux, which is almost no influence on the thermal burn time.