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Privacy and Ethics in Brain–Computer Interface Research
Published in Chang S. Nam, Anton Nijholt, Fabien Lotte, Brain–Computer Interfaces Handbook, 2018
Now consider patients with severe spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Dreer et al. (2007) explain that because life expectancy of people with SCIs has been significantly extended due in part to improvements in medical technology, “family members often become the primary sources of assistance for various activities of daily living, such as feeding, dressing, transfers, and bowel and bladder care” (Dreer et al. 2007, p. 2). In Collinger et al.’s study of attitudes toward BCI in persons with SCI, nearly 20% of participants with tetraplegia and over 30% of those with paraplegia received unpaid assistance with self-care activities or mobility by family members or others (Collinger et al. 2013). More generally, there is substantial evidence that many family members taking on caregiving roles encounter a range of difficulties: emotional, psychological, physical, and financial. Providing care, of course, may have positive effects as well, such as fostering deeper, more meaningful relationships with loved ones, and evidence shows that in many cases patients and caregivers value the way care provision functions in their relationship (Donelan et al. 2002). This range of experience within caregiving has led some to propose increased support and training for family caregivers to allow caregiving to be both less difficult and more rewarding (Donelan et al. 2002).
Thermal Comfort and Gender, Age, Geographical Location and for People with Disabilities
Published in Ken Parsons, Human Thermal Comfort, 2019
Parsons and Webb (1999) found that people with spinal cord injury (including people with tetraplegia and quadriplegia) provided similar thermal sensation votes to those without disabilities as predicted by the PMV values (ISO 7730, 2005). As conditions become warm or cool variation in response greatly increased. Dissatisfaction levels, however, were much greater than predicted for those without physical disabilities. From questionnaire studies in day centers and residential homes, carers indicated that in their experience, none of the people with tetraplegia and quadriplegia wanted to be cooler than people without disabilities and wore about the same level of clothing.
Exergaming for Health and Fitness Application
Published in Christopher M. Hayre, Dave J. Muller, Marcia J. Scherer, Everyday Technologies in Healthcare, 2019
Maziah Mat Rosly, Hadi Mat Rosly, Mark Halaki
Challenges arise when researchers attempt to develop and design an exergame specifically to suit the needs of individuals with physical disabilities, especially for those with impaired upper-limb functions (tetraplegia/hemiplegia). Their different injury types, motor power, hand grip or range of function most often require personalised modifications to suit different gameplays. For instance, the paddle case in Move Kayaking (Mat Rosly et al., 2017a) for individuals with tetraplegia must be adjustable in length, preferably longer, in order to allow a more simplified kayaking movement feasible for any paralysis occurring in various muscles related to upper-limb axial rotation (Trevithick et al., 2007). To accommodate for weak handgrips seen in impaired upper-limb functions, the Move controller’s handles may benefit from using specialised gripping gloves such as the Active Hands (The Active Hands Company, Rumbush, United Kingdom). The exergame’s haptic sensors, known as the camera detecting movements, must be adjusted in height to suit wheelchair-bound players. The width should be calibrated to follow the arm-to-arm length parameters, since this allows in-depth three-dimensional motion capture analysis and avoid uncaptured user input. In particular, the PlayStation Move’s eye camera and wand controllers are able to produce high-definition depth resolution that provides the fastest ‘output’ mechanics in exergaming. This is important, since poor recognition of arm axial rotation movement due to low-depth resolution and prolonged latency period can cause frustration in players. However, the use of the Move controllers may be difficult for users with weak handgrips, but could be easily accommodated for with the aforementioned grip gloves.
The effect of arm-crank exercise training on power output, spirometric and cardiac function and level of autonomy in persons with tetraplegia
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2020
G. Brizuela, S. Sinz, R. Aranda, I. Martínez-Navarro
Cervical injuries account for roughly half of all SCI (Stover, DeLisa, & Whiteneck, 1995). These injuries mostly result in tetraplegia, with impaired movement and reduced function of the four limbs, depending on the level and severity of the injury and the individual’s functional ability. Reduced physical fitness and ability to perform specific tasks are also considered a barrier to autonomy in individuals with tetraplegia (van den Berg-Emons et al., 2008). So respiratory function is also affected by high level SCI. Expiration force and the ability to cough are also reduced, which may cause secretions to accumulate in the airways. Pulmonary parameters such as vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) can drop to approximately 50% of predicted standard values (Rochester & Esau, 1994), with a risk that these parameters can be significantly reduced over time (Tow, Graves, & Carter, 2001).
Cardiorespiratory fitness and arm bone mineral health in young males with spinal cord injury: the mediator role of lean mass
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2019
Irene Rodríguez-Gómez, Soraya Martín-Manjarrés, María Martín-García, Sara Vila-Maldonado, Ángel Gil-Agudo, Luis M. Alegre, Ignacio Ara
Spinal cord injury (SCI) includes those disorders that produce a disconnection in the central nervous system and cause different consequences depending on the involvement and level of injury (Qin, Bauman, & Cardozo, 2010). Approximately 56% of the cases have tetraplegia and a complete loss of motor and sensory function from injury to the cervical cord with the remainder having paraplegia from injury to lower levels of the spinal cord sites (Guertin, 2008; Weiping, Bauman, & Cardozo, 2010). One of the main problems deriving from SCI is related to the loss of bone mass, as bone mineral density (BMD) in the paralysed areas declines precipitously in the first 2 years after SCI, eventually reaching a level below fracture threshold (Eser, Frotzler, Zehnder, & Denoth, 2005; Eser et al., 2004; Shields, 2002; Troy & Morse, 2015), with about a 30% loss of bone mass (Giangregorio, Craven, & Webber, 2005; Jiang, Dai, & Jiang, 2006). These changes have not been observed in the lumbar spine, femoral neck or radius in the first 3–6 months post-SCI compared to normal values (Maimoun et al., 2005). Several studies (Chantraine, Nusgens, & Lapiere, 1986; Pietschmann et al., 1992; Roberts et al., 1998) have demonstrated that the bone loss results from a high rate of turnover characterised by bone formation–resorption uncoupling. In this way, the appearance of osteoporosis will increase, causing a microarchitectural deterioration in bone robustness and a higher risk of fractures (Garland, Adkins, Kushwaha, & Stewart, 2004; Klibanski et al., 2001), which has been reported to be from 1 to 20% (Bárbara-Bataller, Méndez-Suárez, Alemán-Sánchez, Sánchez-Enríquez, & Sosa-Henríquez, 2018; Zleik et al., 2018).
TetraGrip – a four channel upper limb FES device for people with C5/C6 tetraplegia: device design and clinical outcome
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2020
L. Venugopalan, P. N. Taylor, J. E. Cobb, I. D. Swain
Tetraplegia is a condition where a person loses functions of all four limbs as a result of injury to the spinal cord in the cervical region. However, the level and completeness of the injury determines the amount of residual hand and arm function available. If nerves supplying the target muscle are intact below the level of the spinal cord injury (SCI) then functional electrical stimulation (FES) can be used to improve the hand function. FES is the technique of applying electrical current to a group of muscles through the use of electrodes in order to achieve functional movements. It is widely used for the upper limb rehabilitation of people with hemiplegia (stroke) and tetraplegia [1–3].