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Behavior for Relieving Pressure
Published in J G Webster, Prevention of Pressure Sores, 2019
Tactile sensory substitution is using tactile sensing to receive information normally received by another sense or at a different area of skin. There are many reports on tactile vision or hearing substitution in which visual or audio signals are converted to digital patterns and transferred to the skin to aid the blind or deaf. Tactile substitution is also used in transferring pressure patterns under the insensate foot of diabetic patients to sensate skin (Wertsch et al 1989). The same concept applies in hand sensory substitution in which pressure patterns on the glove or robotic arm are transferred to sensate skin (Bach-y-Rita et al 1987). There are different ways to stimulate the skin: Mechanical vibrationElectric currentVariable pressure (used for transferring pressure-time pattern).
Senses in Action
Published in Haydee M. Cuevas, Jonathan Velázquez, Andrew R. Dattel, Human Factors in Practice, 2017
Lauren Reinerman-Jones, Julian Abich, Grace Teo
Sensory adaptation is when the sense receptors cease responding to a stimulus that it is constantly exposed to for an extended period. This is an important concept to consider within the human factors field. If your body constantly responded to all of the senses it was exposed to, the information would be overwhelming to the point that it would inhibit your behavior. On the other hand, if there is certain important information that is constantly presented, then there could be a chance that information is missed, which can lead to potential catastrophic events. The limitation of these subjective approaches can be overcome with approaches that are more objective.
Nonspeech Auditory and Crossmodal Output
Published in Julie A. Jacko, The Human–Computer Interaction Handbook, 2012
The combination of visual, tactile, and auditory feedback at the user interface is a powerful tool for interaction. In our everyday life, these primary senses combine to give complementary information about the world. Blattner and Dannenberg (1992) discuss some of the advantages of using this approach in multimedia or multimodal computer systems: “In our interaction with the world around us, we use many senses. Through each sense, we interpret the external world using representations and organizations to accommodate that use. The senses enhance each other in various ways, adding synergies or further informational dimensions” (p. 5). These advantages can be brought to the multimodal (or crossmodal) human–computer interface by the addition of nonspeech auditory output with tactile feedback to standard graphical displays (see Chapter 18 for more on multimodal interaction). While directing our visual attention to one task, for example, while editing a document, we can still monitor the state of other tasks on our machine using sound and touch. Currently, almost all information presented by computers uses the visual sense. This means information can be missed because of visual overload or because the user is not looking in the right place at the right time. A multimodal interface that integrates information output to both senses could capitalize on the interdependence between them and present information in the most efficient way possible. An alternative approach is to use a crossmodal interface where the different senses are used to receive the same data. This provides a common representation of the data from both senses (in this case, audio and tactile) making them congruent informationally (Hoggan 2010a). Crossmodal use of the different senses allows the characteristics of one sensory modality to be transformed into stimuli for another sensory modality.
Recent Advances on Control of Active Lower Limb Prostheses
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2022
Invasiveness is defined by its relative comfort (in time, effort, and risk) [4] . Accordingly, signal acquisition can be considered invasive or non-invasive to different degrees. The acquisition of signals is performed by Supra-spinal neural activity by spectroscopy (optodes) by the electroencephalography (EEG).Peripheral neural activity by the electromyography (EMG). It is susceptible to changes, the signals are not stationary, they require techniques for pattern recognition, they require calibration.Position and torques of articulation by mecanomyography (MMG). It is less sensitive to fatigue than the EMG.Inverse dynamics by goniometers, inclinometers, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, and IMUs. Reaction forces can be measured by templates and by measuring the loads on the prosthesis stem, binary ground contact information can be obtained by physical switches, force-sensitive resistors, and air pressure sensors.The interface between the device and the user can be measured using load cells, strain gages, pressure sensors, and force-resistive sensors. Some alternate input modes are manuals (keyboards, buttons, joysticks), voice, and eye movement sequences.Sensory feedback can be artificial and substitute. A sensory substitution replaces a sensory modality, for example, providing a sense of touch, while a sensory augmentation complements attenuated information, for example, visual feedback of movement. Non-invasive feedback can be done through three channels: visual, auditory, and tactile. Visual feedback by users is preferred.